Chapter 10

Question 1

Diploid cell

Answer 1

Contains two sets of chromosomes with one inherited from each parent

Question 2

Autosomes

Answer 2

The chromosomes that are the same for both sexes

Question 3

Sex chromosomes

Answer 3

Determines each person’s sex
Female- XX
Male- XY

Question 4

Homologous pair

Answer 4

Pair of chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes in the same positions

Question 5

Meiosis

Answer 5

specialized form of cell division that occurs in diploid cells and gives rise to haploid cells

Question 6

Haploid cells

Answer 6

contain just one set of chromosomes

Question 7

Gametes

Answer 7

Haploid cells in humans. Sperm and egg cells.

Question 8

Fertilization

Answer 8

Unites the gametes from two parents producing the first cell of the next generation

Question 9

True breeding

Answer 9

Self fertilization always produced offspring identical to the parent plant

Question 10

Hybrids

Answer 10

Plant Offspring mixed

Question 11

Dominant allele

Answer 11

One that exerts its effects whenever it is present

Question 12

Recessive allele

Answer 12

One whose effect is masked if a dominant allele is also present

Question 13

Genotype

Answer 13

Expresses the genetic makeup of an individual and it is written as a pair of letters representing the alleles

Question 14

Homozygous

Answer 14

Two identical alleles, meaning that both parents contributed the same gene version

Question 15

Heterozygous

Answer 15

Two different alleles for a gene

Question 16

Phenotype

Answer 16

Observable characteristics

Question 17

Wild type allele, genotype, or phenotype

Answer 17

The most common form or expression of a gene in a population

Question 18

Mutant allele, genotype, or phenotype

Answer 18

Variant that arises when a gene undergoes a mutation

Question 19

P generation

Answer 19

(Parental) first set of individuals being mated

Question 20

F1 generation

Answer 20

Offspring of P generation

Question 21

F2 generation

Answer 21

The offspring of the f1 plants and so on

Question 22

Monohybrid cross

Answer 22

A mating between two individuals that are bother heterozygous for the same gene

Question 23

Punnett square

Answer 23

Diagram that uses the genotype a of the parents to reveal which allele combinations the offspring may inherit

Question 24

Testcross

Answer 24

A mating between an individual of unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual

Question 25

Law of segregation

Answer 25

Mendels law that states that the two alleles of each gene are packaged into separate gametes. Which means that they move apart from each other during gamete formation

Question 26

Dihybrid cross

Answer 26

A mating between individuals that are each heterozygous for two genes

Question 27

Law of independent assortment

Answer 27

Medes proposal that states that during gamete formation the segregation of the alleles for one gene does not influence the alleles for another gene

Question 28

Product rule

Answer 28

States that the chance that two independent events will both occu equals the product of the individual chances that each event will occur

Question 29

Linked genes

Answer 29

Genes carried on the same chromosome; they are therefore inherited together. They do not assort independently during meiosis

Question 30

Linkage group

Answer 30

Collections of genes that tended to be inherited together

Question 31

Crossing over

Answer 31

An exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase 1.

Question 32

Parental chromatid

Answer 32

Inherited by most offspring which retains the allele combination from each parent

Question 33

Recombinant chromatid

Answer 33

Mix of maternal and paternal alleles

Question 34

Linkage maps

Answer 34

Diagrams of gene order and spacing on chromosomes

Question 35

Incomplete dominance

Answer 35

The heterozygote has a third phenotype that is intermediate between those of the two homozygotes

Question 36

Codominance

Answer 36

Two different alleles are fully expressed in the phenotype

Question 37

Pleiotropy

Answer 37

One gene has multiple effects on the phenotype. Arises when one protein is important in different biochemical pathways of affects more than one body part or process

Question 38

Epistasis

Answer 38

Interaction that occurs when one genes product affects the expression of another gene

Question 39

Sex-linked

Answer 39

Phenotypes that affect one sex more than the other

Question 40

Y-linked

Answer 40

Few disorders linked to the Y chromosome

Question 41

X-linked

Answer 41

Most human sex linked traits are x-linked, controlled by genes on the X chromosome

Question 42

X inactivation

Answer 42

A cell shuts off all but one X chromosome in each cell. This process happens early in the embryonic development of a mammal

Question 43

Autosomal dominant disorder

Answer 43

Expressed in heterozygotes and therefore typically appears in every generation

Question 44

Autosomal recessive disorder

Answer 44

Requires that a person receive the disease causing allele from both parents.

Question 45

Pedigree charts

Answer 45

Depict family relationships and Phenotypes for determining the mode of inheritance

Question 46

Chromosomes

Answer 46

Long strange of DNA associated with proteins