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jerin > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Diploid cell

A

Contains two sets of chromosomes with one inherited from each parent

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2
Q

Autosomes

A

The chromosomes that are the same for both sexes

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3
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

Determines each person’s sex
Female- XX
Male- XY

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4
Q

Homologous pair

A

Pair of chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes in the same positions

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5
Q

Meiosis

A

specialized form of cell division that occurs in diploid cells and gives rise to haploid cells

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6
Q

Haploid cells

A

contain just one set of chromosomes

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7
Q

Gametes

A

Haploid cells in humans. Sperm and egg cells.

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8
Q

Fertilization

A

Unites the gametes from two parents producing the first cell of the next generation

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9
Q

True breeding

A

Self fertilization always produced offspring identical to the parent plant

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10
Q

Hybrids

A

Plant Offspring mixed

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11
Q

Dominant allele

A

One that exerts its effects whenever it is present

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12
Q

Recessive allele

A

One whose effect is masked if a dominant allele is also present

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13
Q

Genotype

A

Expresses the genetic makeup of an individual and it is written as a pair of letters representing the alleles

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14
Q

Homozygous

A

Two identical alleles, meaning that both parents contributed the same gene version

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15
Q

Heterozygous

A

Two different alleles for a gene

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16
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable characteristics

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17
Q

Wild type allele, genotype, or phenotype

A

The most common form or expression of a gene in a population

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18
Q

Mutant allele, genotype, or phenotype

A

Variant that arises when a gene undergoes a mutation

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19
Q

P generation

A

(Parental) first set of individuals being mated

20
Q

F1 generation

A

Offspring of P generation

21
Q

F2 generation

A

The offspring of the f1 plants and so on

22
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

A mating between two individuals that are bother heterozygous for the same gene

23
Q

Punnett square

A

Diagram that uses the genotype a of the parents to reveal which allele combinations the offspring may inherit

24
Q

Testcross

A

A mating between an individual of unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual

25
Q

Law of segregation

A

Mendels law that states that the two alleles of each gene are packaged into separate gametes. Which means that they move apart from each other during gamete formation

26
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

A mating between individuals that are each heterozygous for two genes

27
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

Medes proposal that states that during gamete formation the segregation of the alleles for one gene does not influence the alleles for another gene

28
Q

Product rule

A

States that the chance that two independent events will both occu equals the product of the individual chances that each event will occur

29
Q

Linked genes

A

Genes carried on the same chromosome; they are therefore inherited together. They do not assort independently during meiosis

30
Q

Linkage group

A

Collections of genes that tended to be inherited together

31
Q

Crossing over

A

An exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase 1.

32
Q

Parental chromatid

A

Inherited by most offspring which retains the allele combination from each parent

33
Q

Recombinant chromatid

A

Mix of maternal and paternal alleles

34
Q

Linkage maps

A

Diagrams of gene order and spacing on chromosomes

35
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

The heterozygote has a third phenotype that is intermediate between those of the two homozygotes

36
Q

Codominance

A

Two different alleles are fully expressed in the phenotype

37
Q

Pleiotropy

A

One gene has multiple effects on the phenotype. Arises when one protein is important in different biochemical pathways of affects more than one body part or process

38
Q

Epistasis

A

Interaction that occurs when one genes product affects the expression of another gene

39
Q

Sex-linked

A

Phenotypes that affect one sex more than the other

40
Q

Y-linked

A

Few disorders linked to the Y chromosome

41
Q

X-linked

A

Most human sex linked traits are x-linked, controlled by genes on the X chromosome

42
Q

X inactivation

A

A cell shuts off all but one X chromosome in each cell. This process happens early in the embryonic development of a mammal

43
Q

Autosomal dominant disorder

A

Expressed in heterozygotes and therefore typically appears in every generation

44
Q

Autosomal recessive disorder

A

Requires that a person receive the disease causing allele from both parents.

45
Q

Pedigree charts

A

Depict family relationships and Phenotypes for determining the mode of inheritance

46
Q

Chromosomes

A

Long strange of DNA associated with proteins

jerin (11 decks)

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