Chapter 8

Question 1

Sexual reproduction

Answer 1

The production of offspring whose genetic makeup comes from two parents. Each parent contributes a sex cell and the fusion of these cells creates a genetically different offspring

Question 2

Gametes

Answer 2

Sperm cells and egg cells collectively called gametes

Question 3

Meiosis

Answer 3

Specialized type of cell division gives rise to gametes

Question 4

Fertilization

Answer 4

Union of the sperm and egg cell

Question 5

Mitosis

Answer 5

Divides a eukaryotic cells genetic info into two identical nuclei

Question 6

Apoptosis

Answer 6

A cell death that is a normal part of development

Question 7

Genome

Answer 7

Consists of all the cells genetic material

Question 8

Chromosomes

Answer 8

Individual molecules of DNA with their associated proteins

Question 9

DNA polymerase

Answer 9

Enzyme that adds new DNA nucleotides that are complementary to the bases on each exposed strand

Question 10

Ligases

Answer 10

Enzymes that form the covalent bonds that seal nicks in DNA

Question 11

Mutation

Answer 11

Any change in a cells DNA sequence

Question 12

Binary fission

Answer 12

An asexual process that replicates DNA And distributes it into two daughter cells

Question 13

Chromatin

Answer 13

Collective term for all of the cells DNA and its associated proteins

Question 14

Nucleosomes

Answer 14

Units organized of chromatin each consisting of DNA wrapped around eight proteins

Question 15

Cell cycle

Answer 15

Events that occur from one cell division until the next

Question 16

Interphase

Answer 16

First step of cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. But protein synthesis and DNA replication are occurring.

Question 17

Mitosis

Answer 17

Second stage of cell cycle in which contents of the nucleus divide

Question 18

Asexual reproduction

Answer 18

Replicating it’s genetic material and splitting the contents of one cell into two. Generates genetically identical offspring

Question 19

Cytokinesis

Answer 19

The splitting of the cell itself.

Question 20

G1 Phase

Answer 20

A division of interphase where the cell grows, carries out basic functions, and produces molecules needed to build new organelles and other components it will require if it divides

Question 21

G0 Phase

Answer 21

Division of interphase where A cell continues to function but it does not replicate is DNA or divide. At a given time, most cells in the human body are in G0

Question 22

S Phase

Answer 22

Enzymes replicate the cells genetic material and repair damage DNA

Question 23

Centrosomes

Answer 23

Structures that organize the proteins that will move the chromosomes during mitosis

Question 24

G2 Phase

Answer 24

The cell continues to grow but also prepares to divide producing he proteins that will help coordinate mitosis

Question 25

Prophase

Answer 25

Event in mitosis where DNA could very tightly shortening and thickening the chromosomes. The two centrosomes also migrate toward opposite poles of the cell and the spindle begins to form

Question 26

Spindle

Answer 26

The set of microtubule proteins that coordinate the movements of the chromosomes during mitosis

Question 27

Prometaphase

Answer 27

Stage of mitosis, the Nuclear envelope and associated Endoplasmic reticulum break into small pieces enabling the spindle fibers to reach the chromosomes

Question 28

Kinetochores

Answer 28

Proteins that begin to assemble on each centromere, attaching the chromosomes to the spindle during prometaphase

Question 29

Metaphase

Answer 29

Event In mitosis, The spindle aligns the chromosomes down the center of the cell ensuring that each cell will contain one copy of each chromosome

Question 30

Anaphase

Answer 30

Stage of mitosis where The centromeres split and the sister chromatids move toward opposite poles of the cell. Spindle fibers slide past one another pushing the poles farther apart and stretching the dividing cell

Question 31

Cell plate

Answer 31

A line between the forming cells that is the first sign of cell wall construction

Question 32

Telophase

Answer 32

The final stage of mitosis which reverses events of prophase and prometaphase. The spindle disassembles and the chromosomes begin to unwind. A nuclear envelope and nucleolus form at each end of the stretched out cell. As telophase ends, the the division is complete

Question 33

Cleavage furrow

Answer 33

A slight indentation around the middle of the cell

Question 34

Growth factors

Answer 34

Proteins that stimulate cell division.

Question 35

Tumor

Answer 35

An abnormal mass of tissue

Question 36

Benign tumors

Answer 36

Usually slow growling and harmless unless they become large enough to disrupt nearby tissues or organs. A capsule surrounding it prevents it from invading nearby tissues or spreading (warts and moles)

Question 37

Malignant tumor

Answer 37

Invades adjacent tissue. Because it lacks a surrounding capsule, it is likely to metastasize (break away from the original mass and spread)

Question 38

Metastasize

Answer 38

Cells break away from original mass and travel in bloodstream to colonize other areas of the body

Question 39

Cancer

Answer 39

A class of diseases characterized by malignant cells

Question 40

Telomeres

Answer 40

Noncoding DNA at he rips of eukaryotic chromosomes

Question 41

Telomerase

Answer 41

Enzymes that allow cells to continually add DNA to chromosome tips

Question 42

Contact inhibition

Answer 42

Cells stop dividing wen they touch one another in a one cell thick layer

Question 43

Angiogenesis

Answer 43

A development of new blood vessels stimulated by signals sent from cancer cells.

Question 44

Oncogenes

Answer 44

Mutated variants of Proto-oncogenes

Question 45

Tumor suppressor genes

Answer 45

Class of cancer related genes that encode proteins that normally block cancer development