Chapter 9 Flashcards
(25 cards)
Sexual reproduction
Requires two parents, one who contributes a sperm cell which fertilizes the other’s contributed egg cell. Offspring get a mixture of traits from parents
Conjugation
One bacterial cell uses an outgrowth called a sex pilus to transfer genetic material to another bacterium
Chromosome
Single molecule of DNS and its associated proteins
Diploid cells
Contain two full sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.
Karyotype
A size ordered chart of all the chromosomes in a cell
Autosomes
Chromosomes that are the same for both sexes
Sex chromosomes
Determine whether an individual is a male or female
Homologous pair
Matching pair of chromosomes that look alike and have the same sequence of genes
Haploid cells
Contain only one full set of genetic information
Gametes
Sex cells that combine to form a new offspring
Fertilization
Nerves the gametes from two parents creating a new cell
Diploid zygote
The first cell of a new organism
Mitosis
Divides a eukaryotic cells chromosomes into two identical daughter nuclei
Meiosis
Forms genetically variable sex cells used in reproduction with each gamete containing half as many chromosomes as the organisms diploid cells
Germ cells
Cells that can undergo meiosis and produce gametes. Specialized diploid cells that occur only in the ovaries and testes
Spindle
Forms microtubule a assembled at the centrosomes
Kinetochores
Spindle attachment points
Polyploid cell
Created by an error in meiosis. Has one or more complete sets of extra chromosomes
Nondisjunction
Error when a gamete has just one extra chromosome or a missing Chromosome. Occurs when chromosomes fail to separate
Deletion
Results in the loss of one or more genes
Duplication
Produces multiple copies of part of a chromosome
Inversion
Part of a chromosome flips and reinserts, changing the gene sequence
Translocation
NonHomologous chromosomes exchange parts
Alternation of generations
fluctuation between these diploid and haploid stages that occurs in plants
