chapter 11 Flashcards

(43 cards)

1
Q

the tendency for learnings effects to spread means___________and sometimes it’s called__________

A

generalization

and/or - transfer

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2
Q

Behavior___________ , people don’t__________ their behavior

A

generalizes

generalize

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3
Q

the two types of generalizations

A

stimulus generalization

response generalization

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4
Q

(across situations)

one response occurs across different stimuli

A

stimulus generalization

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5
Q

(across behaviors)

one stimulus evokes different forms of a response

A

response generalization

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6
Q

the tendency for changes in (2words)____________ to________ to other behaviors, and this is the definition is for……..

A

one behavior

spread

response generalization

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7
Q

the tendency for changes in behavior (3words)________ to________ to other situations; or the tendency to respond to (3words)___________ during training, and this is the definitnion for……

A

in one situation

spread

stimuli not present

stimulus generalization

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8
Q

Generalization and discrimination are inversely related

A

the greater the one the less the other and vice versa

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9
Q

when data on stimulus generalization are plotted on a graph a peaked gradient reflects more____________, and a flatter gradient reflects more__________, and this is the definition for…..?

A

discrimination

generalization

generalization gradient

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10
Q

generalization may also occur to behavior that is___________ or ______________

A

extinguished

punished

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11
Q

the tendency for behavior to occur in certain situations but not in others.

A

stimulus discrimination

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12
Q

any procedure for establishing stimulus discrimination

A

discrimination training

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13
Q

the stimulus that indicates that a behavior will have reinforcing consequences

A

Discriminative stimulus (SD or S+)

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14
Q

indicates that the behavior will not have reinforcing consequences

A

S-delta ( S∆ or S-)

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15
Q

three operant discrimination training procedures:

A

Successive discrimination training

Simultaneous discrimination training

Matching-to-sample

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16
Q

S+ and S- are presented sequentially

A

Successive discrimination training

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17
Q

S+ and S- are presented at the same time

A

Simultaneous discrimination training

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18
Q

conditional discrimination in which a selecting a comparison stimulus (S+) which (4words)_____________is reinforced, its the definition for……

A

matches the sample stimulus

(MTS) mathing-to-sample

18
Q

A form of operant discrimination training in which the S∆ is introduced in very weak form and gradually strengthened

A

Errorless discrimination training

19
Q

discrimination training proceeds more rapidly when different behaviors produce different reinforcers.

A

(DOE) Differential outcome effect

20
Q

he tendency for a behavior to occur (or occur more) in the presence of an SD but not in the presence of an SΔ.

A

Stimulus control

21
Q

Any class of stimuli in which the members share one or more defining features.

22
Q

what does it mean to understand concept…..

A

generalization within classes and discrimination between classes

23
Q

discrimination training proceeds more rapidly when different behaviors produce different reinforcers

A

(DOE) differential outcome effect

24
the three theories of generalization and discrimination
Pavlov's theory - Spence's theory Lashley-Wade Theory
25
Lashely- Wade Theory
argued that generalization gradients depend on prior experience with stimuli similar to those used in testing
26
_________ what theory: put Pavlov's Physiology aside but kept the notions of_______ and________
Spence's theory excitation inhibition
27
discrimination training produces physiological changes in the brain.
Pavlov's theory
28
The tendency following discrimination training for the peak of responding in a generalization gradient to shift away from the (CS−) S-.
Peak shift
29
a generalization gradient showing an increased tendency to respond to the SD or CS+ and stimuli resembling them.
excitatory gradient
30
discrimination, a gradient showing a decreased tendency to respond to the SΔ or CS− and stimuli resembling them.
Inhibitory gradient
31
S(d) S+- (evokes) MO/EO-----------R -------- S(R+)
four- term contingency
32
the greater the______________ of a situation to the training________, the more_________ the behavior is too____________
similarity situation likely generalize
33
what word describes the relationship between generalization and discrimination
Inverse: its an inverse relationship--as one increases the other decreases--the more generalization, the less the discrimination and vice versa
34
The different gradient(s)
flat: no discrimination/ high generalization Broad: some discrimination/ some generalization High/peaked: high discrimination/ low generalization
35
(1956) S+-------------R-------------S(R+) 550nm. peck. food.
Gutman and Kalish (1956) Non-differential training
36
NS+--------------US / CS+-------------CR 1000hz. food / 1000hz. salivation NS(-)------------US / NS(-)----------------CR 500hz. no food. 500hz. no salivation
Pavlovian Discrimination training
37
S+(D)--------------R----------------S(R+) light on. lever press. food S-(delta)--------------R-------------S(ext) light off. lever press. no food. and end result....
differential training: presence-absence generalization of extinction
38
discrimination training has produced (2words) __________
discriminated behavior
39
differential training is another word for___________
discrimination training.
40
non-differential training its not what________ but why? S+-------------R-------------S(R+)
its not discrimination training because there is no S(-); s-delta
41
who does the discrimination "to discriminate"
the researcher, teacher, parents, etc., does the separating.
42
The tendency to respond to any given stimulus is the result of interaction with the increased and decreased tendencies to respond.
Kenneth Spence (theory) proposed