test (ch 3 & 4) Flashcards by Hugo Arredondo Ortiz

learning

relatively permanent changes in environment behavior relations due to certain types of experience (environmental interactions)

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two types of reflexes

inborn reflex – Unconditional reflexes

Learned reflexes – conditional reflexes

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another name for respondent conditioning and/or classical conditioning

pavlovian conditioning

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Pavlovian Conditioning procedure

US——-UR (unconditional reflex)

NS——-No UR (Neutral stimulus)

Training
NS—(pairing)—-US—-UR (conditioning)

Testing
CS———- CR (conditional reflex)

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the pairing of NS with a well-established CS

Higher-Order

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Explanation for classical condition

NS association to US

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variables that affect pavlovian conditioning

methods of pairing the NS (CS) and US

CS-US contingency

CS-US (ISI) contiguity

stimulus features

prior experiences with CS and US

Number of CS-US Pairings

Intertrial Interval (ITI)

Other Variables

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Variable (2) the Number of methods of Pairing the CS and US

four pairs:

trace conditioning

delayed conditioning

simultaneous conditioning

backward conditioning

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CS presented before the US

trace conditioning

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CS presented before and overlaps the US

delayed conditioning

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CS and US are presented at the same time

simultaneous conditioning

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US is presented before the CS

backward conditioning

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when is US conditional (dependent) on a CS presentation

variable(2) CS-US Contingency

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(CS-US Contingency) All Things Equal…

the greater the contingency, the stronger the conditioning

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variable(3) CS-US (ISI) contiguity

interstimulus interval (ISI): time between CS presentation and US presentation

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(CS-US Contiguity) All Things equal…

the shorter the ISI, the better conditioning

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(CS-US Contiguity) All Things equal… (alternative)

the greater temporal contiguity the better/faster/greater conditioning

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Exception to CS-US contiguity (ISI)

conditioned taste aversion

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the CS consist of two or more stimuli

compound stimulus

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two NS are presented without a US pairing, result no UR. The two NS are then paired with an US, result with a UR. The paired NS (CS) individual are then tested, but one CS becomes a CR and one fails to become a CR

overshadowing

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overshadowing is dependent on…

species

CS intensity (magnitude)

US intensity (magnitude)

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variable (4) Stimulus features

compound stimulus

overshadowing

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variable (5) Prior Experience with CS and US

Latent Inhibition

blocking

sensory preconditioning

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NS presented without US, followed by NS presented with US produces UR, but CR magnitude is less or failure of the CR to appear as a result of prior presentation of the CS in the absence of the US.

latent inhibition

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latency is dependent on...

contingency

Failure of a NS to become a CS when it is part of a compound stimulus that includes an established CS.

blocking

how is blocking different from overshadowing

(blocking): 1 stimulus is already a CS, blocking a compounded NS with a US from being conditioned, vs. neither stimulus has been established as a prior CS, but one is becomes conditioned and the other is not (or is less so)

A procedure in which two neutral stimuli are paired, after which one is repeatedly paired with a US. If the other stimulus is then presented alone, it may elicit a CR even though it was never paired with the US.

sensory preconditioning

variable (6) Number of CS-US Pairings

the number of CS US paring is a variable affecting pavlovian conditioning

the number of CS US pairing is____

a curvilinear relationship

Intertrial Interval (ITI)

the time period between two trials

(Intertrial Interval [ITI]) all things equal

the longer the ITI, the better conditioning

what depends on ITI

the length of ITI depends on relationships, species, intensity of the stimulus

Pavlovian (classical) extinction procedure (or operation)

present CS alone without US.

Pavlovian extinction process (or result)

the CS is less likely to elicit the CR

deterioration in performance following a period with-out practice

forgetting

after a period of time passes with no training after a CS is established and extinguished, the CS will once again elicit the CR

spontaneous recovery

theories of classical conditioning

stimulus substitution theory preparatory response theory compensatory response theory rescorla-wagner model other theories

(Pavlov) stimulus substitution theory

the CS substitutes for the US because the UR and the CR are the same

the ways the CR is not identical to the UR

CR to the UR is: weaker less reliable longer latency & there are qualitative differences the CR is somtimes opposite to the the UR

How is CR is sometimes opposite of the UR

Tone paired with a shock, prepares the heart by decreasing heart rate in preparation for the shock, the opposite to the expected heart rate increase to due to Pavlovian conditioning reduced sensitivity to pain to morphine, but increased sensitivity to pain with a CS paired with morphine.

the CR prepares the organism for the US

Preparatory response theory

variation of the preparatory response theory that proposes that the CR prepares the organism for the US by compensating for its effects.

compensatory response theory

a_______explanation is the one that makes the fewest assumptions

parsimonious (the law of parsimony)

all behavior is caused behavior is lawful and orderly

determinism

any energy change that affects sensory receptors, and behaviors

stimulus

all stimuli that affect behavior at any given moment

environment

deal with physical phenomena and understand how things in the physical world operate

natural science approach

is an explanation in which the evidence for the explanation is the same as the behavior to be explained

circular explanation

small, random, (in)heritable differences among individuals that rtesult in different chances of reproduction

natural selection

the first person to study human emotions systematically

John Watson

use of Pavlovian conditioning to reverse unwanted effects

counterconditioning

A form of counterconditioning in which a patient imagines progressively anxiety evoking scenes while relaxed

Systematic desensitization

person is gradually exposed to the fear-evoking stimulus while feeling relaxed

Exposure therapy

A form of exposure therapy that relies on technology that creates simulated scenes that arouse anxiety.

Virtual reality exposure therapy

perverse or unnatural ways someone receives sexual pleasure

Paraphilias

a CS that elicits inappropriate sexual arousal is followed by a noxious US.

Aversion therapy

An aversion to foods with a particular flavor acquired through Pavlovian conditioning

Conditioned taste aversion (aka conditioned food avoidance)

A taste (NS) is paired with a US (e.g., poison) that makes the organism sick such that the taste becomes a CS for sickness (CR)

Taste-aversion experiments

(1) the CS and US occur together (are paired) only once; (2) the interval between the CS and US (the ISI) is much longer

Two important ways taste aversion differs from typical Pavlovian conditioning procedure

After a period of repeated drug use, more of the drug is required to produce a high, or, the same amount of drug produces less of an effect

Tolerance

the opposite of the main drug effect

withdrawal

drugs that produce physical dependence

opiates alcohol nicotine caffeine barbiturates benzodiazepines sleeping medication

drug users respond in anticipation of drugs....

preparatory response

the response of withdrawal symptoms is a...

compensatory response

Drug Dependence (Siegel 2005)

US-------------->UR Drugs. comp. Rest NS------------->NO UR drug cues CS-------------->CCR drug cues Conditional CR

together, the exteroceptive drug cues, and interoceptive cues can be defined as....

the situation specificity of tolerance and withdrawal

self-administration cues elicit conditional compensatory responses (preparatory responses)

interoceptive drug cues

treatments designed to extinguish the association between pre-drug cues and systemic effects of the drug

cue-exposure therapy

treatment protocol should be more effective if it incorporates extinction of ______ cues and _____ cues as well as ____

drug-onset self-administration exteroceptive

the CR____ prepared the user for the the ____ (Drug)

conditional compensatory response (CCR) Unconditional Stimulus (US)

Behavior is a function of its consequences

Law of Effect

Any procedure or experience in which a behavior becomes stronger or weaker (e.g., more or less likely to occur), depending on its consequences

Operant conditioning (learning

1. a behavior must have a consequence 2. the behavior must increase in strength 3. the increase in Strength must be the result of the consequence

three characteristics to qualify as reinforcement

1. a behavior must have a consequence 2. the behavior must increase in strength 3. the increase in Strength must be the result of the consequence

the consequence is added (or presented)

Positive reinforcement

the consequence is subtracted (or withdrawn or removed)

Negative reinforcement (aka escape and avoidance learning)

A term used to refer to the strength of a reinforced behavior.

Behavioral momentum

reinforcers not dependent on learning experiences

Unconditioned (primary) reinforcement

reinforcers dependent on learning experiences

Conditioned (secondary) reinforcement

Reinforcers that have been paired with many different kinds of reinforcers.

Generalized conditioned reinforcement

events that follow spontaneously from a behavior

Natural reinforcers

events that are provided by someone for the purpose of modifying behavior.

Contrived reinforcers

reinforcing events are the automatic consequence of an action (see natural reinforcers)

Automatic reinforcement

the degree of correlation between a behavior and its consequence

Contingency

the gap in time between a behavior and its reinforcing consequence

Temporal contiguity

anything that changes the effectiveness of a con- sequence

Motivating operations –

The reward center of the brain, in particular, an area in the septal region running from the middle of the brain to the frontal cortex where dopamine is the most important neurotransmitter

Reward pathway/dopamine

three major theories of positive reinforcement

hull drive reduction theory Premack's relative value theory Response deprivation theory

three major theories of positive reinforcement

Hull’s drive reduction theory

attributes a reinforcer’s effectiveness to the reduction of a drive.

Hull’s drive reduction theory

considers reinforcers to be behaviors rather than stimuli and that attributes a reinforcer’s effectiveness to its probability relative to other behaviors.

Premack’s relative value theory

High-probability behavior reinforces low-probability behavior.

Premack principle

test (ch 3 & 4) Flashcards

(94 cards)