chapter 8 and 11 test

Question 1

the procedure of punishment

Answer 1

decrease the probability of similar responses under similar circumstances

Question 2

what is the difference between punishment and punisher

Answer 2

punishment is the process

punisher is the actual consequence

Question 3

Catania’s three criteria of punishment are different from positive reinforcement

Answer 3

behavior must have a consequence

behavior must decrease in strength

the decrease in strenght must be the result of the consequence.

(oppositive) to the three criterias of reinforcement

Question 4

negative punishment

Answer 4

the consequence is subtracted

Question 5

positive punishment

Answer 5

the consequence is added

Question 6

Why are punishment and negative reinforcement confusing

Answer 6

reinforcer and punisher consequences are either added or removed. neither is an indicator for good or bad

Question 7

two problems with (physical) punishment are that the recipient may try to run away called____________, or fight back, called______________

Answer 7

avoidance/escpae

aggression

Question 8

a third problem with (physical) punishment when aggression or escape are not possible, its a general (3 words) ______________

Answer 8

sepression of behavior

Question 9

the simplest alternative to punishment is to try to prevent the behavior from occurring by altering the environment in some, called (2 words) _________, or one may try to withhold all reinforcement from the undesired behavior, called________

Answer 9

response prevention

extinction

Question 10

list the different variables that affect punishment

Answer 10

contingency

temporal contiguity

punisher intensity/magnitude

punisher probability

introductory level of punishment

reinforcement of the punisher

alternative resources of reinforcement for the punished behavior

motivating operations

Question 11

describe the role of contigency in punishment

Answer 11

all things equal the greater the contingency between behavior and punisher, the quicker and faster the behavior decrease, or the greater the suppression of behavior.

Question 12

uncondtioned punishers

Answer 12

pain

intense noise

intense light

Question 13

conditioned punishers

Answer 13

saying no

look of disapproval

Question 14

automatic punishers of punishment

Answer 14

events that naturally follow a response

are usualy not mediated by other individuals

Question 15

punishment like reinforcement is an equal opportunity consequence

Answer 15

works to (strengthen) good or bad behaviors

Question 16

temporal contiguity in punishment

Answer 16

all things equal, the greater the temporal contiguity between behavior and the punisher, the more effective the punishment, or the quicker and stronger the decrease in the probability in responding.

Question 17

Earling Boe and Russel Church [1967] experiment:

Answer 17

In an experiment in which a group of rats received a shock for lever pressing, the higher contingency to shock lower the reduction of lever pressing during extinction, oppose to the rats with a lower contingency to shock per level pressing.

Question 18

the longer delay between a behavior and punisher the (4 words)__________________, and the experiment that illustrates the point?

Answer 18

less effective the punishment

experiment by David Camp and colleagues (1976).

Question 19

Within a lab setting Camp & colleage experiment was important for?

Answer 19

rats decrease of level pressing behavior was greater for immediate shock vs a delay of 2 seconds and 30 seconds.

Question 20

Ann Abramowitz,and Susan O’Leary (1990) outside the lab study…

Answer 20

immediate reprimands were effective in suppressing off-tasking behaviors, but delayed reprimands were useless.

Question 21

punisher magnitude

Answer 21

all things equal the higher the intensity of the punisher the more effective decreasing the probability of behavior.

Question 22

electric shock and punisher magnitude importance

Answer 22

the degree of control to deliver precise electric shock. (magnitude of the shock)

Question 23

all things equal, the greater the probability of punishment, the quicker and stronger the decrease in the probability of responding

Answer 23

punisher probablity

Question 24

all things equal, the lower the introductory level of punishment, the less effective the punishment

Answer 24

introductory level of punishment

Question 25

what should the introductory level of punishment, for parents who punish their children's behavior, and why?

Answer 25

high magnitude punishment weak magnitude to gradual inceasre in intensity leads to habituation.

Question 26

the less reinforcement a behavior has the quicker the effects of punishment, or the more reinforcement of a behavior has the slower the effects of punishment

Answer 26

reinforcement of the punished behavior

Question 27

motivating operations

Answer 27

the greater the MO/(EO) the less the effect of punishment on behavior

Question 28

alternative sources of reinforcement

Answer 28

When punishing an unwanted behavior provide an alternative means of obtaining the reinforcers that maintain that behavior.

Question 29

response dimension that can be punished

Answer 29

response rate response magnitude response duration response topography

Question 30

lower-prabability behaviors will punish high-probability behaviors

Answer 30

premacks principle of punishment

Question 31

problems with physical positive punishment

Answer 31

escape aggression apathy abuse imitation

Question 32

Any operant training procedure in which certain kinds of behavior are systematically reinforced and others are not.

Answer 32

Differential reinforcement

Question 33

Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior

Answer 33

a behavior that is different from an undesired behavior is systematically reinforced. The procedure provides an alternative way of obtaining reinforcement

Question 34

Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior

Answer 34

a behavior that is incompatible with an unwanted behavior is systematically reinforced.

Question 35

Differential reinforcement of low rate

Answer 35

a behavior is reinforced only if it occurs no more than a specified number of times in a given period.

Question 36

the 1st must know test phrase

Answer 36

The organism is always right

Question 37

there is no such things as mistakes or errors....

Answer 37

there are always causes for behavior (determinsm)

Question 38

Guttman and Kalish (1956)

Answer 38

Non-differential training S+----R----S(R+) generalization testing

Question 39

There are 3 kinds of ways to do discrimination

Answer 39

non-differential training differential training - presence-absence differential training - intradimensional

Question 40

Jenkin and Harrison (1960)

Answer 40

Experimenters conducted A: Non-differential training S+(D)-------R-----------S(R+) 1000hz. key Peck. food and got a flat generalization gradient then did: differential training: presence-absence S+(D)--------R----------S(R+) 1000hz. key peck. food. S-(delta)-------R-------S(ext) no tone. key peck. no food and got a more peaked discrimination gradient

Question 41

a stimulus that evokes a type of behavior because that behavior has been reinforced in the presence but not the absence of the stimulus

Answer 41

discriminative stimulus (Sd/S+)

Question 42

stimulus that abates a type of behavior because that behavior has not been reinforced (extingguished or punished) in the presence of that stimulus

Answer 42

stimulus delta (S-)

Question 43

explain the finger pulls the trigger of a gun, the trigger also pulls the finger

Answer 43

the sight of the gun is an S(d) to pick up the gun, the feel of the gun is an S(d) for pulling the trigger with high MO (anger).

Question 44

selecting from 2+ alternative comparison stimuli the stimulus that is the same as the same

Answer 44

(MTS) matching to sample

Question 45

errorless discrimination

Answer 45

present the S(d) then immediately present the S(-) early, weakly and briefly, and gradually increase the strength of the S(-)

Question 46

important phrase related to determinism

Answer 46

There are no such things as mistakes or errors because all behavior has causes.

Question 47

Hanson (1958)

Answer 47

intradimensional- S+(d)--------------R----------S(+) 550nm. key peck. food. s-(delta)--------R-----------S(ext.) 555nm 560nm 570nm 580nm -Peak Shift away from the (S-)

Question 48

two seperate responses are trained but each yields a different reinfrocer

Answer 48

(DOE) differential outcomes effect