final test

Question 1

the most important function of a family is _________ + ________ to be _________ +________ , productive citizens

Answer 1

rearing children

well behaved

Question 2

neglect

Answer 2

a largely unresponsive environment

Question 3

reactive environment

Answer 3

environment-all stimuli that affect behavior at any given moment

Question 4

coercive family process

Answer 4

interaction between parents and children defined by negative reinforcement

Question 5

the naturally occuring negative___________ of both child and parent coercive __________ constitutes a _________ +_________. The participants trapped by _________ +_____ will likely engage and __________ in these behaviors towards each other in the future.

Answer 5

reinforcement

behavior

reinforcement trap

negative reinforcement

escalate

Question 6

learning prior to interference we call disability

Answer 6

habilitation

Question 7

learning to be disabled

Answer 7

dishabilitation

Question 8

learning to be better able

Answer 8

rehabilitation

Question 9

operant application in clinics

Answer 9

SIB

conversion reaction

paralysis

delusions

dissociative identity disorder

irrational speech

walking

Question 10

constraint movement of the normal limb and reinforcing use of the defective limb

Answer 10

constraint induced movement therapy

Question 11

delusions

Answer 11

traditional - false beliefs

behavioral - verbal behavior

treatments- medication; applied behavior analysis

Question 12

other dishabilitated behaviors maintened by reinforcement that have been rehabilitated

Answer 12

paralysis from CVA’s

Chronic pain-related behaviors

verbal behavior, hoarding in psychotic patients

hysterical blindness

stuttering

tics

Question 13

operan learnign application in zoo/ Non-human animals.

Promotes ______+_______ behavior
_______+________ such as exhibit space, feeding schedules, and potential enrichment items

_______+_______ suchs as the way zoo animals are house with other animals

using behavior principles, zoos have been able to move away from ________ or ________ immobilization practices to conduct the routine_______ care.

ultimately improving….

Answer 13

species typical

physical variables

social variables

chemical / physical

veterinary

the quality of life for captive animals

Question 14

__________ instructions as first exemplified in Skinners _______+______. In which material to be taught is _______+______ into smaller units and presented__________ with _______+_______ for each correct response before moving on to the next problem

Answer 14

programmed

teaching machines

presented sequentially

immediate reinforcement

Question 14

SIB (self-injurious behavior)

Answer 14

behaviors exhibited by an individual which cause harm to that individual

Question 15

goldiamond’s paradox

Answer 15

delusional behavior must occur in setting where it is not reinforced

Question 16

improving productivity and reducing accidents

Answer 16

The two ways operant procedures have been used to improve the quality of life for workers and the profitability of companies

Question 17

how operan principles have been used in zoos

Answer 17

to provide veterinary care, and to improve the quality of life of captive animals

Question 18

an increase in the strength of an observed behavior following reinforcement of that behavior in a model

Answer 18

vicarious reinforcement

Question 19

a decrease in the stength of an observed behavior following reinforcement of that behavior in a model

Answer 19

vicarious punishment

Question 20

Two types of observational learning

Answer 20

social (active)

asocial

Question 21

an experimental procedure in which an event normally performed by a model appears to occur without a model

Answer 21

ghost conditions

Question 22

to behave in a manner resemling the behavior of a model

Answer 22

imitation (to imitate)

Question 23

skilled model

Answer 23

the model demonstrates the proper performance of a task

Question 24

unskilled (learning model)

Answer 24

the model is a novice and he or she is observed learning to perform the task

Question 25

the variables that influence observational learning

Answer 25

difficulties of the task skilled vs unskilled model characteristics of the model characteristics of the observer consequences of observed acts consequences of the observers behavior

Question 26

two main theories of observational learning

Answer 26

bandura's social cognitive theory operan learning theory

Question 27

retention interval

Answer 27

period during which learning or practice of the behavior does not occur

Question 28

deterioration in performance of learned behavior following a retention interval

Answer 28

forgetting

Question 29

declerative memories

Answer 29

expressed in words semantic - knowledge of the world's facts episodic - memory of personally experience events

Question 30

non-declarative

Answer 30

not in expressed in words. procedural - memories of how to do something

Question 31

performance of learned behavior varies with the physiological state during learning and during retention

Answer 31

state-dependent learning

Question 32

the individuals is given the opportunity to perform a previously learned behavior

Answer 32

free call

Question 33

presenting hints or prompts to increase the likelihood that the behavior will be produced

Answer 33

prompted or cued recall

Question 34

measures forgetting in terms of the amount of training required to reach the previous level of performance

Answer 34

relearning method ( saving method)

Question 35

the participant has only to identify the material previously learned

Answer 35

recognition

Question 36

delayed matching to sample

Answer 36

DMTS

Question 37

when extinction proceeds more rapidly than it would have immediately after training, we say that forgetting has occurred

Answer 37

extinction method

Question 38

a flattening of a generalization gradient

Answer 38

gradient degradation

Question 39

previous learning interferes with recall

Answer 39

proactive interference

Question 40

pairs of words are learned, and then the first word is given, and the participants must recall the second word, or vice versa

Answer 40

paired associates learning

Question 41

more recent learning intereferes with recall of previous learning

Answer 41

retroactive interference

Question 42

stimuli present during learning that are not directly relevant to what is learned

Answer 42

context

Question 43

The absence of stimuli that were present during learning hurts remembering

Answer 43

cue dependent forgetting

Question 44

any device for aiding recall

Answer 44

mnemonic

Question 45

can improve performance by identifying cues that will be present during recall and then learn in the presence of those or similar cues

Answer 45

context cues

Question 46

forgetting... all things equal

Answer 46

the longer the retention interval, the more the forgetting

Question 47

forgetting is not only a change in the probability of responding but the ______+_______+______

Answer 47

forgetting of extinction

Question 48

rule to know about prompted or cued recall....

Answer 48

All remembering is prompted or cued... or under specific stimulus Sd control

Question 49

forgetting is caused by the passsage of time

Answer 49

decay theory

Question 50

a severe limitation of learning

Answer 50

noninheritability of learning

Question 51

whats the obvious limitation of non-inheritable learning

Answer 51

it places a serious limitation on the ability of a species to benefit from experience

Question 52

four ways the nervous system can be damaged that affect learning

Answer 52

prenatal exposure to alcohol and other drugs neurotoxins - lead, pesticides, herbicides head injury malnutrition

Question 53

a period of an animal's life when it is especially likely to learn a particular kind of behavior

Answer 53

critical period

Question 54

the tendency of some animals, particular birds, to follow the first moving object they see after birth, usually but not necessarily their mother

Answer 54

imprinting

Question 55

the idea that organisms are genetically disposed to learn some things but not others

Answer 55

continuum of preparedness

Question 56

learning proceeds quickly

Answer 56

prepared

Question 57

learning proceeds steadily but more slowly

Answer 57

unprepared

Question 58

learning proceeds slowly and irregularly

Answer 58

contraprepared

Question 59

the tendency for behavior to drift towards a modal action pattern

Answer 59

instinctive drift

Question 60

the innate tendency of a pigeon to peck an object associated with food even though pecking is not required for the food to appear

Answer 60

autoshaping (sign tracking)

Question 61

observational learning...

Answer 61

relatively permanent changes in envrionment-behavior relationships due to observing a model

Question 62

generalized imitation --generalized trying

Answer 62

the tendency to imitate modeled behavior even though the imitative behavior is not reinforced

Question 63

the SD and R product must have formal similarity

Answer 63

imitation

Question 64

to talk about something not real as it is

Answer 64

reification

Question 65

heredity for learning

Answer 65

that is, the capacity to learn is inherited. that is, it is an evovled trait (evolved modifiability or fixed plasticity).

Question 66

a rapid learning process by which a newborn or very young animal establishes a behavior pattern of recognition and attraction towards other animals of its own kind, as well as to specific individuals of its psecies such as or to a substitute for these

Answer 66

imprinting

Question 67

hatched or born in an advance state and able to feed itself and more independently almost immediately. often constrasted with altirical

Answer 67

prococial animals

Question 68

hatched or born helpless and requiring significant parental care

Answer 68

altricial animals

Question 69

a tendency to copy mode's behavior is called _______+_______ and we learn such a tendency because it has been _______ in the past

Answer 69

generalization imitation reinforced

Question 70

the three characteristics of model that contribute to observational learning are models who are ________+________+______

Answer 70

attractive, likable, prestigious

Question 71

three characteristics of observers that contribute to observational learning are the species of the obsever, and the______ and _______

Answer 71

gender age