chapter 12

Question 1

period during which learning or practice of the behavior does not occur

Answer 1

retention interval

Question 2

deterioration in performance of learned behavior following a retention interval

Answer 2

forgetting

Question 3

the types of propose memories

Answer 3

declarative

non-declarative

state dependent learning

Question 4

declarative memories are ________ _________

what are the two components of delcarative memories?

Answer 4

in words

semantics- knowledge of the world facts

episodic-memory of personally experience events

Question 5

non-declarative memories are (3 words) _______ ___________ _________

whats is the component of declarative memories

Answer 5

procedural-memories of how to do something

Question 6

the different ways to measure forgetting

Answer 6

free call

prompted (or cued) recall

relearning method

recognition

delayed matching to sample

extinction method

gradient degradation

Question 7

presenting hints, or prompts to increase the likelihood that the behavior will be produced

Answer 7

prompted or (cued recall)

Question 8

measures forgetting in terms of the amount of training required to reach the previous level of performance

Answer 8

relearning method

Question 9

the participants has only to identify the material previously learned

Answer 9

recognition

Question 10

when extinction proceeds more rapidly than it would have immediately after training we say that forgetting has occured

Answer 10

extinction method

Question 11

the individual is given the opportunity to perform a previously learned behavior

Answer 11

free call

Question 12

previous learning interferes with recall

Answer 12

proactive interference

Question 13

pairs of words are learned and then the first word is given and the patiricpant must recall the second word, or vice versa

Answer 13

paired associates learning

Question 14

more recent learning interferes with recall of previous learning

Answer 14

retroactive interference

Question 15

stimuli present during learning that are not directly relevant to what is learned

Answer 15

Context

Question 16

the absence of stimuli that were present during learning hurts remembering

Answer 16

Cue-dependent forgetting)

Question 17

any device for aiding recall

Answer 17

Mnemonic

Question 18

can improve performance by identifying cues that will be present during recall and then learn in the presence of those or similar cues.

Answer 18

context cue

Question 19

a flattening of a generalization gradient

Answer 19

gradient degradation

Question 20

the most important function of a family is ________ _________ to be __________ _______ and __________ citizens

Answer 20

rearing children

well behaved

productive

Question 21

neglect

Answer 21

largely unresponsive environment

Question 22

Reactive envornment

Answer 22

all stimuli that affect behavior at any given moment, (environment)

Question 23

coercive family process

Answer 23

interaction between parents and children defined by negative reinforcement

Question 24

child coercive behaviors such as whining, yelling, and hitting are aversive stimuli for the parent. Parents are likely to drop their demands and terminate their own coercive behavior directed at the child. this increases the child’s coercive behavior through negative reinforcement and may lead to a reinforcement trap

Answer 24

negative reinforcement for coercive child behavior

Question 25

the naturally occurring negative reinforcement of both child and parent coercive behavior constitutes a ___________ _________. The participants trapped by ____________ ____________ will likely engage and__________ in these be behaviors towards each other in the future

Answer 25

reinforcement trap negative reinforcement escalate

Question 26

original learning prior to the interference we call disability --learning a whole system of behaviors

Answer 26

habilitation

Question 27

learning to be disabled --loss without learning, interference learning or learning different alternatives because of disability

Answer 27

dishabilitation

Question 28

learning to be better able --learning new skills

Answer 28

rehabilitation

Question 29

clinic

Answer 29

SIB conversion reaction paralysis delusions dissociative identity disorder irrational speech walking (case study)

Question 30

the conversion reaction case study

Answer 30

The problem- Astasia-abasia in a 45-year-old man --inability to stand and walk

Question 31

restricting movement of the normal limb and reinforcing use of the defective limb

Answer 31

constraint-induced movement therapy

Question 32

delusions

Answer 32

traditional -- false beliefs behavioral -- verbal behavior

Question 33

Other dishabilitated behaviors maintained by reinforcement that have been rehabilitated.

Answer 33

paralysis from CVAs chronic pain-related behaviors verbal behavior hysterical blindness stuttering tics ADHD/ODD learning disabilities (dyslexia)

Question 34

Operant conditoining in zoo/Non-human animals promote __________ ________ behavior. by taking into account___________ variables, such as exhibit space, _________ schedules, and potential__________ items. the components describing characteristics of the physical variables of: 1)________ ______& 2)________ _________. In addition to _____________ ________, such as the way animals are house with other animals.

Answer 34

species typical physical variables feeding enrichment environmental enrichment & exhibit space social variables

Question 35

Programmed instruction

Answer 35

as first exemplified in Skinner’s teaching machines, (in which material to be taught is broken down into small units and presented sequentially with immediate reinforcement for each correct response before moving on to the next problem)

Question 36

Self-injurious behavior (SIB)

Answer 36

Behaviors exhibited by an individual which cause harm to that individual.

Question 37

delusions

Answer 37

traditional = false beliefs behavioral = verbal behavior

Question 38

Goldiamond’s paradox

Answer 38

delusional behavior must occur in setting where it is not reinforced.

Question 39

the unaffected limb is constrained and movement of the affected (paralyzed) limb is reinforced.

Answer 39

Constraint-induced movement therapy

Question 40

Two ways operant procedures have been used to improve the quality of life for workers and the profitability of companies

Answer 40

improving productivity and reducing accidents

Question 41

How operant principles have been used in zoos

Answer 41

to provide veterinary care, and to improve the quality of life of captive animals

Question 42

Using behavioral principles, zoos have been able to move away from __________or ___________immobilization practices to conduct routine____________ care

Answer 42

chemical physical veterinary

Question 43

relatively permanent changes in environment behavior relationships due to observing a model

Answer 43

observational learning

Question 44

an increase in the strength of an observed behavior following reinforcement of that behavior in a model

Answer 44

vicarious reinforcement

Question 45

a decrease in the strength of an observed behavior following reinforcement of that behavior in a model

Answer 45

vicarious punishment

Question 46

social (aka active) and asocial

Answer 46

two types of observational learning

Question 47

an experimental procedure in which an event normally performed by a model appears to occur without a model

Answer 47

ghost conditions

Question 48

to behave in a manner resemling the behavior of a model

Answer 48

imitation (to imitate)

Question 49

the tendency to imitate modeled behavior even though the imitative behavior is not reinforced

Answer 49

generalized imitation

Question 50

the different variables influencing observational learning

Answer 50

difficulty of the task skilled vs unskilled models characteristics of the models characteristics of the observer consequences of observed acts consequences of the observer's behaviors

Question 51

two main theories of observational learning

Answer 51

bandura's social cognitive theory operant learning theory

Question 52

difficulty of the task

Answer 52

the higher the difficulty of a task, the less learning is likely to occur during observation

Question 53

skilled model vs unskilled model

Answer 53

skilled - model demonstrates proper performance of a task unskilled or (AKA learning model) - is a novice observed learning to perform the task

Question 54

characteristics of a model

Answer 54

the higher the attractiveness of the mode or prestigious increases the likelihood of learning

Question 55

characteristics of the observers

Answer 55

learning is greatly dependent on the species that is doing the observing

Question 56

consequences of the observed acts

Answer 56

behaviors are more likely to be imitated in the presence of an Sd to a consequences.

Question 57

consequences of the observer's behavior

Answer 57

given behavior produces one kind of consequence for a model and a very different kind of consequence for an observer, the latter consequences will eventually win out

Question 58

two main theories of observational learning

Answer 58

Bandura's social cognitive theory operant learning history

Question 59

His theory identifies four kinds of cognitive processes: attentional, retentional, motor- reproductive, and motivational.

Answer 59

Bandura's social cognitive theory

Question 60

modeled behavior and consequences serve as cues that similar behavior will be reinforced or punished in the observer.

Answer 60

Operant learning theory

Question 61

another severe limitation of learning

Answer 61

noninheritability

Question 62

what is the severity of this consequence of noninheritability of learning

Answer 62

it places a serious limitation on the ability of a species to benefit from expeirence

Question 63

four ways the nervous system can be damages that affect learning

Answer 63

prenatal exposure to alcohol and other drugs neurotoxins - substances (lead, pesticides, herbicides) that damage nerve tissues head injury malnutrition

Question 64

a period during animal's life when it is especially likely to learn a particular kind of behavior

Answer 64

critical period

Question 65

the tendency of some animals, particularly birds, to follow the first moving object they see after birth, usually (but not necessarily) their mothers

Answer 65

imprinting

Question 66

the idea that organisms are genetically disposed to learn some things but not others

Answer 66

continumm of preparedness

Question 67

types of preparedness

Answer 67

prepared unprepared contraprepared instinctive drift

Question 68

learning proceeds quickly

Answer 68

prepared

Question 69

learning proceeds steadily but more slowly

Answer 69

unprepared

Question 70

learning proceeds slowly and irregularly

Answer 70

contraprepared

Question 71

the tendency for behavior to drift toward a model action pattern

Answer 71

instinctive drift

Question 72

the innate tendency of a pigeon to peck an object associated with food even though pecking is not required for the food to appear

Answer 72

autoshaping (aka sign tracking)

Question 73

an individual directing their attention to the relavant aspects of the model's behavior and its consequences.

Answer 73

attentional processes

Question 74

represnting the model's behavior in some way, typically in words or images, to aid recall

Answer 74

retention processes

Question 75

process consist of using the symbolic representations stored during retentional processes to guide action

Answer 75

motor-reproductive

Question 76

evaluating the consequences of imitating model behavior, consequences are important because of their effects on (expectations) about the outcomes, it is the (expectation) that matters not the actual consequences.

Answer 76

motivational process