chapter test 5 6 & 7 Flashcards
(167 cards)
Behavior causation
ultimate causes
(evolutionary history); (learning history)
proximate causes
(current stimuli) ; (CNS)
Proximate causes
close in time to behavior (stimulus)
ultimate causes
distant in time
(learning history)
two types of learning histories
pavlovian conditioning
operant conditioning
learning
relatively permanent changes in environment behavior relations to certain types of experiences.
classical conditioning is….
the conditioning of reflexes
two (or more) stimuli are paired
NS—–association— + –> UR
Any behavior that is followed by pleasant is likely to be repeated, and any behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be stopped
the law of Effect (Thorndike’s Law)
The Law of Effect
Behavior is determines its consequences
Thorndikes experiment is can be regarded as a….
discrete trials
trial & error vs trial & success
B.F Skinner
Operant conditioning
free operant experiment—-measuring behavior over time in restricted environment
two term contingency operant conditioning
R——————–S
Response——–Stimulus (consequence)
operant behavior
operates on the environment, changes the environment, and is changed as a result of the environment
environment
all stimuli that affect behavior at any given moment
a stimulus that follows a response and increases the probability of similar responses under similar circumstances
reinforcement procedure and process
reinforcement (procedure and process)
a stimulus change follows a response and increases the probability of similar responses under similar circumstances
the procedure of reinforcement…
Stimulus change follows a response
the process of reinforcement
increases the probability of similar responses under similar circumstances
one instance of behavior
response
response
one instance of behavior
increases the probability (rate or frequency, duration, magnitude etc), of similar responses (response class)
reinforcement process
the reinforcer is added after the response (+)
positive reinforcement
reinforcer is subtracted after the response (-)
negative reinforcement
three characteristics to be called reinforcement
the behavior must be a consequence
the behavior must increase in strength
the consequence must be the reason it increases in strength
negative reinforcement is also called…
escape learning
avoidance learning