chapter 5 & 6 test

Question 1

behavioral causation

Answer 1

ultimate causes: evolutionary history; learning history

proximate causes: close in time to behavior
current stimuli
CNS

Question 2

learning history

Answer 2

pavlovian conditioning

operant conditioning

Question 3

learning

Answer 3

realtively permanent changes in envrionment behavior relations due to certain types of experiences

Question 4

Pavlovian (Classical) conditioning

Answer 4

conditioning of reflexes

two or stimuli are paired

NS association to US (UR)

Question 5

Experiments by Thorndike

Answer 5

discrete trials

trial and error vs. trial and success

learnings only happens by trials and success

Question 6

Any behavior that is followed by pleasant consequence is likely to be repeated and any behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be stopped

Answer 6

The Law of Effect

Question 7

the law of effect

Answer 7

behavior is determined by its consequences

Question 8

the capacity for learning by consequences is a function of our evolutionary history

Answer 8

fixed plasticity

Question 9

free operant conditioning

Answer 9

B.F Skinner, used no trials (free to move around)

Question 10

operant conditioning (two-term contingency)

Answer 10

response (R)—->(S) stimulus consequence

Question 11

R—->S

Answer 11

operant conditioning (two-term contingency)

Question 12

the 3 components of operant behavior

Answer 12

operates on the environment

changes the environment

and is changed as a result

Question 13

operates on environment, changes the environment, and is changed as a result

Answer 13

operant behavior

Question 14

operant behavior

Answer 14

operates on environment, changes the environment, and is changed as a result

Question 15

operant conditioning

Answer 15

Kid behavior
S(d)———–R———-S(r+)

EO/S(d)——-R——– S(r-)

Question 16

behavior is determined by its…

Answer 16

consequences

Question 17

stimulus consequence follows a response and increases the probability of similar response under similar circumstances

Answer 17

reinforcement

Question 18

reinforcement—followes a_____

Answer 18

response = one instance of behavior

Question 19

reifnrcement ________ the probability

Answer 19

increases the probability (e.g. rate or frequency, duration, magnitude)

Question 20

reinforcement procedure

Answer 20

follows the response

Question 21

reinforcement process

Answer 21

increase probability

similar responses

under similar circumstance

Question 22

the reinforcer is added after the response (+)

Answer 22

positive reinforcement

Question 23

reinforcer is subtracted or remove after the response (-)

Answer 23

negative reinforcement

Question 24

3 characteristics to be called reinforcement

Answer 24

the behavior must a consequence

the behavior must increase the in strength

the consequence must be the reason it increases in strength

Question 25

negative reinforceme is called

Answer 25

escape learning avoidance learning

Question 26

when the aversive stimulus is present and you do something to get rid of it

Answer 26

escape learning

Question 27

when the aversive stimulus is not present yet, and you do something to avoid

Answer 27

avoidance learning

Question 28

response dimensions that can be reinforced

Answer 28

response rate (# of responses over time) response magnitude (or intensity) Response duration (how long the response lasts) response topography (form) latency reinforce randomness of response (responding differently each time)

Question 29

the actual consequence in positive renforcement (what is added) in negative reinforcement what is subtracted

Answer 29

reinforcer

Question 30

depends on pairing with one other (usually primary)

Answer 30

conditioned reinforcers

Question 31

depends on pairing with many other reinforcers

Answer 31

generalized conditioned reinforcers

Question 32

uncoditioned reinforcers

Answer 32

food water sexual arousal sleep warmth/ coolness

Question 33

three practicial advantages of conditioned (or generalized reinforcers)

Answer 33

satiation doesn't occur easier to reinforce immediately less disruptive than primary reinforcers

Question 34

automatic reinforcers

Answer 34

events that naturally follow a response are usually not deliberately mediated by other individuals

Question 35

variables that affect operant conditioning

Answer 35

contingency temporal contiguity reinforcer magnitude response effort motivating operations

Question 36

operant contingency

Answer 36

all the things equal, the greater the contingency between responses and their consequences, the quikcer tand stronger the conditioning

Question 37

all things equal, the greater the

Answer 37

operant contiguity

Question 38

alter the the effectiveness of a reinforcer evoke behavior that has produced that reinforcer

Answer 38

establishing operation

Question 39

3 term contingency

Answer 39

EO---R-----S(R+) EO-----R----S(R-)

Question 40

Premack principle

Answer 40

high probability behavior reinforce low-probability behavior

Question 41

high probability behavior reinforce low-probability behavior R1----------------------------------------------r2 Low Prob. High Prob.

Answer 41

Premack principle

Question 42

when deprived from engaging in a behavior below the baseline level, engaging in it back to baseline becomes reinforcing relative to other behaviors

Answer 42

response-deprivation theory

Question 43

selection by consequences

Answer 43

behavior, likes species (genes) evolved reinforcement is like natural selection 1. (genetic or behavioral) variation 2. (environmental) selection 3. retention (genetic vs. neural)

Question 44

a procedure the differential reinforcement of successive approximations towards a final or target behavior natural vs. contrived_____ selection by reinforcing consequence

Answer 44

shaping

Question 45

novelty

Answer 45

common feature of creativity

Question 46

a behavior that occurs repeatedly even though it does not produce the reinforcers that maintain it

Answer 46

superstitious behavior