Chapter 11: The Atomic Nature of Matter Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
Matter
A
Any substance that has mass and takes up space
2
Q
Solids
A
Definite volume and no definite shape
3
Q
Liquids
A
Definite volume and no definite shape
4
Q
Gas
A
No definite volume and shape (free to move)
5
Q
Plasma
A
Electrons are “freed” from their host atome due to high temperatures
6
Q
Solid melting becomes
A
Liquid
7
Q
Liquid vaporizating becomes
A
Gas
8
Q
Gas ionizating becomes
A
Plasma
9
Q
Plasma deionizating becomes
A
Gas
10
Q
Gas condensating becomes
A
Liquid
11
Q
Liquid freezing becomes
A
Solid
12
Q
Atom is
A
The building blocks of all matter
13
Q
The idea of matter thought to be composed of atoms by
A
Greeks from the fifth century B.C
14
Q
The idea of matter thought by
A
Aristotle to be a combination of four elements earth (solids), air (gases), water (liquid), and fire (states of flames)
15
Q
The idea of matter further proposed as atoms in
A
1800s by an English meteorologist and schoolteacher, John Dalton
16
Q
All things are made up of
A
Atoms
17
Q
Robert Brown, a botanist, observed collisions between visible particles and invisible atoms under a microscope
A
1) Studied grains of pollen suspended in water
2) Observed grains were continuously moving and jumping about, bumping into each other
18
Q
Brownian Motion results from collisions between
A
Visible particles and invisible atoms
19
Q
Brown couldn’t see the atoms but could see
A
The effect they had on particles he could see
20
Q
Einstein later confirmed Brownian Motion in
A
1905
21
Q
Einstein made it possible to
A
Find the mass of atoms and the reality of the atom was firmly established
22
Q
Characteristics of atoms
A
1) Incredibly tiny
2) Numerous
3) Perpetually in Motion
4) Ageless
23
Q
The head of a pin contains
A
10^18 atoms and 60,000,000,000,000,000,000
24
Q
One breath contains sextillion atoms
A
1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (10^21 atoms)
25
Perpetually in Motion
1) Solids
2) Liquids
3) Gases
26
Solids is
Atoms vibrate in place
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Liquid is
Atoms migrate from one location to another
28
Gases is
The range of migration is even greater
29
Ageless
Some of the atoms in your body are almost as old as the universe
30
Nucleosynthesis is
The formation of atomic nuclei. It is how elements are made
31
Nucleosynthesis mainly occurs when
Lighter elements combine (fusion) or heavier elements break apart (fission and radioactive decay)
32
Fusion and fission of objects lead to
Formation of atomic nuclei
33
Ageless constantly being
Shared and recycled among all living and nonliving things on Earth
34
Atoms are about
1 nanometer (nm) across 10^-9 too small to be seen and wavelength of visible light (400-700 nm)
35
Atomic imagery able to observe
Atoms via transmission electron microscope can be used to magnify things over 500,000 times
36
Beams of electrons are focused on a sample from
Different angles
37
Beam scatters sample and analysis of scattering is used to
Recreating an image
38
In mid 1980, atoms were revealed as ripples in rings by
A scanning tunneling miroscope (STM)
39
Sharp tip scans over a surface at a distance of a few atomic diameters in
A point-by-point and line-by-line fashion can resolve individual atoms
40
Atomic structure model
An abstraction that helps us to visualize what we cannot see, and, importantly, it enables us to make predictions about unseen portions of the natural world
41
Volume of the atom is
Mostly empty space
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At the center is
A dense nucleus (protons and neutrons) where most of its mass is concentrated
43
The model surrounding the nucleus are
"Shell" of orbiting particles call electrons
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Atomic nucleus
Concentration of nearly all the mass
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Nucleons
Particle that make up the nucleus
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Neutron
Contain no electric charge (neutral state)
47
Proton
Contains a positive charge (positively charged state)
48
Quarks
Fundamental particles that make up a nucleon (protons and neutrons)
49
Positive charges repeal
Positive charges and attract negative charges
50
Everything held together by
The strong nuclear force
51
Negatively charged particles that electrically repels
One another
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Electron attracted to the nucleus which is
Positively charged (protons)
53
Electrons the greater the nuclei of atoms,
The stronger the force of attraction on the electrons
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Electrons closer orbiting shells of electrons
Electron and protons are in equals in numbers
55
Summary of subatomic particles
1) Protons
2) Neutrons
3) Electrons
56
1) Protons
1) In nucleus
2) Tightly bound
3) Positive charge (+)
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2) Neutron
1) In nucleus
2) Tightly bound
3) No charge
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3) Electron
1) In shell or orbit
2) Weakly bound
3) Negative charge (-)
59
Atoms refer to
Particle that make up a substance
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Element composed of
Only one kind of atom
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Lightest and most abundant is
Hydrogen
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By date, there are about
118 are known elements
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94 elements occur in nature
(remnants of stars that exploded long before the solar system) and others produced in laboratory
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Each elements share
Name with its atoms
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The elements and any consists of
Only one kind of atom
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Composition of living things include these 6 elements
1) Oxygen
2) Carbon
3) Hydrogen
4) Nitrogen
5) Calcium
6) Phosphorus
67
These 6 elements make up about
99% of the mass in your body and 1% carbohydrates
68
Periodic table
A chart of elements arranged by (atomic table) and classified by the number of protons in the nucleus
69
Periodic table arranged from
Left to right, and top to bottom
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Successive entries have one more proton and electron than
The preceding element
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On the far right, (group 18), outer electron shells are
Filled known as noble gases
72
Diameters of the outer electron shells are determined by
The amount of electrical charge in nucleus
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If you increase the positive charge in
A nucleus, the electron will be pulled in closer
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Relative size of atoms gradually decreases from
Left to right across the periodic table
75
As nuclear charge increases and electrons are added to
Outer orbits, the inner orbit shrinks
76
The size of atoms gradually decrease from
Left to right across the periodic table
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An atom with unbalanced electrical charge is called an
Ion
78
Ions
A charged atom
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A nucleus with more protons (+) than surrounding electrons (-)
1) Positive ion (caton)
2) Deficiency of electrons
80
A nucleus with less protons (+) than surrounding electrons (-)
1) Negative ion (anion)
2) Deficiency of protons
81
Protons in the nucleus matches
Electrons around nucleus but not necessarily neutrons
82
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons
83
Identical physical/chemical behavior due to
Having the same number of protons and electrons and identified by their mass number
84
Number of nucleons equals to
Total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
85
The atomic number of an element matches the number of
Protons in the nucleus of an atom and electrons in a neutral atom
86
Atomic mass
Total mass of an atom and the sum of the masses of all atom components including protons, neutrons, and electrons
87
When atoms of different elements bond to one another, they make
A compound
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A combination of 2 or more different
Elements
89
Compound can only be separated into
Its constituent elements by chemical means
90
A substance that is mixed together without chemically bonding is called a
Mixture
91
Molecules
Two or more atoms bonded together by sharing electrons (covalent bond)
92
Different between molecule and compound
1) Molecule: 2 or more elements
2) Compound: 2 or more different elements
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All compounds are molecules but not all molecules are
Compound
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Chemical reaction
Process in which atoms reaarange to form different molecules
95
Pulling molecules apart requires energy and during photosynthesis, sunlight's energy breaks bonds of
To produce oxygen and carbon
96
Combining atoms releases energy oxygens combine with
Irons atoms to form rust and nucleosynthesis and helium and He atoms combine to produce heat and sunlight
97
Matter
Composed of atoms with positive nuclei and negative electrons
98
Antimattter composed of atoms with
Negative nuclei (antiprotons) and positive electrons (positrons)
99
When matter and antimatter come into contract
They annihilate and radiate energy in the form of light
100
Positrons
Have the same mass as an electron but are positively charged
101
Antiprotons
Have the same mass as protons but are negatively charged
102
Antimatter produced by
High energy cosmic ray collisions and radioactive decay
103
Dark matter
Unlike normal matter, dark matter does not interact with the electromagnetic force and does not absorb, reflect or emit light
104
Dark matter's existence is inferred from
The gravitational effect it seems to have on visible matter
105
Dark energy: An anti-gravity force
Drives cosmic objects apart at an increasingly rapid rate rather than drawing them together as gravity does
106
Ordinary matter and dark matter behave
Differently
