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Physics 130: Lecture Slide (Chapter Review) > Chapter 11: The Atomic Nature of Matter > Flashcards

Chapter 11: The Atomic Nature of Matter Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

Any substance that has mass and takes up space

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2
Q

Solids

A

Definite volume and no definite shape

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3
Q

Liquids

A

Definite volume and no definite shape

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4
Q

Gas

A

No definite volume and shape (free to move)

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5
Q

Plasma

A

Electrons are “freed” from their host atome due to high temperatures

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6
Q

Solid melting becomes

A

Liquid

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7
Q

Liquid vaporizating becomes

A

Gas

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8
Q

Gas ionizating becomes

A

Plasma

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9
Q

Plasma deionizating becomes

A

Gas

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10
Q

Gas condensating becomes

A

Liquid

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11
Q

Liquid freezing becomes

A

Solid

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12
Q

Atom is

A

The building blocks of all matter

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13
Q

The idea of matter thought to be composed of atoms by

A

Greeks from the fifth century B.C

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14
Q

The idea of matter thought by

A

Aristotle to be a combination of four elements earth (solids), air (gases), water (liquid), and fire (states of flames)

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15
Q

The idea of matter further proposed as atoms in

A

1800s by an English meteorologist and schoolteacher, John Dalton

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16
Q

All things are made up of

A

Atoms

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17
Q

Robert Brown, a botanist, observed collisions between visible particles and invisible atoms under a microscope

A

1) Studied grains of pollen suspended in water
2) Observed grains were continuously moving and jumping about, bumping into each other

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18
Q

Brownian Motion results from collisions between

A

Visible particles and invisible atoms

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19
Q

Brown couldn’t see the atoms but could see

A

The effect they had on particles he could see

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20
Q

Einstein later confirmed Brownian Motion in

A

1905

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21
Q

Einstein made it possible to

A

Find the mass of atoms and the reality of the atom was firmly established

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22
Q

Characteristics of atoms

A

1) Incredibly tiny
2) Numerous
3) Perpetually in Motion
4) Ageless

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23
Q

The head of a pin contains

A

10^18 atoms and 60,000,000,000,000,000,000

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24
Q

One breath contains sextillion atoms

A

1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (10^21 atoms)

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25
Q

Perpetually in Motion

A

1) Solids
2) Liquids
3) Gases

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26
Q

Solids is

A

Atoms vibrate in place

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27
Q

Liquid is

A

Atoms migrate from one location to another

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28
Q

Gases is

A

The range of migration is even greater

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29
Q

Ageless

A

Some of the atoms in your body are almost as old as the universe

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30
Q

Nucleosynthesis is

A

The formation of atomic nuclei. It is how elements are made

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31
Q

Nucleosynthesis mainly occurs when

A

Lighter elements combine (fusion) or heavier elements break apart (fission and radioactive decay)

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32
Q

Fusion and fission of objects lead to

A

Formation of atomic nuclei

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33
Q

Ageless constantly being

A

Shared and recycled among all living and nonliving things on Earth

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34
Q

Atoms are about

A

1 nanometer (nm) across 10^-9 too small to be seen and wavelength of visible light (400-700 nm)

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35
Q

Atomic imagery able to observe

A

Atoms via transmission electron microscope can be used to magnify things over 500,000 times

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36
Q

Beams of electrons are focused on a sample from

A

Different angles

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37
Q

Beam scatters sample and analysis of scattering is used to

A

Recreating an image

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38
Q

In mid 1980, atoms were revealed as ripples in rings by

A

A scanning tunneling miroscope (STM)

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39
Q

Sharp tip scans over a surface at a distance of a few atomic diameters in

A

A point-by-point and line-by-line fashion can resolve individual atoms

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40
Q

Atomic structure model

A

An abstraction that helps us to visualize what we cannot see, and, importantly, it enables us to make predictions about unseen portions of the natural world

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41
Q

Volume of the atom is

A

Mostly empty space

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42
Q

At the center is

A

A dense nucleus (protons and neutrons) where most of its mass is concentrated

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43
Q

The model surrounding the nucleus are

A

“Shell” of orbiting particles call electrons

44
Q

Atomic nucleus

A

Concentration of nearly all the mass

45
Q

Nucleons

A

Particle that make up the nucleus

46
Q

Neutron

A

Contain no electric charge (neutral state)

47
Q

Proton

A

Contains a positive charge (positively charged state)

48
Q

Quarks

A

Fundamental particles that make up a nucleon (protons and neutrons)

49
Q

Positive charges repeal

A

Positive charges and attract negative charges

50
Q

Everything held together by

A

The strong nuclear force

51
Q

Negatively charged particles that electrically repels

A

One another

52
Q

Electron attracted to the nucleus which is

A

Positively charged (protons)

53
Q

Electrons the greater the nuclei of atoms,

A

The stronger the force of attraction on the electrons

54
Q

Electrons closer orbiting shells of electrons

A

Electron and protons are in equals in numbers

55
Q

Summary of subatomic particles

A

1) Protons
2) Neutrons
3) Electrons

56
Q

1) Protons

A

1) In nucleus
2) Tightly bound
3) Positive charge (+)

57
Q

2) Neutron

A

1) In nucleus
2) Tightly bound
3) No charge

58
Q

3) Electron

A

1) In shell or orbit
2) Weakly bound
3) Negative charge (-)

59
Q

Atoms refer to

A

Particle that make up a substance

60
Q

Element composed of

A

Only one kind of atom

61
Q

Lightest and most abundant is

A

Hydrogen

62
Q

By date, there are about

A

118 are known elements

63
Q

94 elements occur in nature

A

(remnants of stars that exploded long before the solar system) and others produced in laboratory

64
Q

Each elements share

A

Name with its atoms

65
Q

The elements and any consists of

A

Only one kind of atom

66
Q

Composition of living things include these 6 elements

A

1) Oxygen
2) Carbon
3) Hydrogen
4) Nitrogen
5) Calcium
6) Phosphorus

67
Q

These 6 elements make up about

A

99% of the mass in your body and 1% carbohydrates

68
Q

Periodic table

A

A chart of elements arranged by (atomic table) and classified by the number of protons in the nucleus

69
Q

Periodic table arranged from

A

Left to right, and top to bottom

70
Q

Successive entries have one more proton and electron than

A

The preceding element

71
Q

On the far right, (group 18), outer electron shells are

A

Filled known as noble gases

72
Q

Diameters of the outer electron shells are determined by

A

The amount of electrical charge in nucleus

73
Q

If you increase the positive charge in

A

A nucleus, the electron will be pulled in closer

74
Q

Relative size of atoms gradually decreases from

A

Left to right across the periodic table

75
Q

As nuclear charge increases and electrons are added to

A

Outer orbits, the inner orbit shrinks

76
Q

The size of atoms gradually decrease from

A

Left to right across the periodic table

77
Q

An atom with unbalanced electrical charge is called an

A

Ion

78
Q

Ions

A

A charged atom

79
Q

A nucleus with more protons (+) than surrounding electrons (-)

A

1) Positive ion (caton)
2) Deficiency of electrons

80
Q

A nucleus with less protons (+) than surrounding electrons (-)

A

1) Negative ion (anion)
2) Deficiency of protons

81
Q

Protons in the nucleus matches

A

Electrons around nucleus but not necessarily neutrons

82
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons

83
Q

Identical physical/chemical behavior due to

A

Having the same number of protons and electrons and identified by their mass number

84
Q

Number of nucleons equals to

A

Total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

85
Q

The atomic number of an element matches the number of

A

Protons in the nucleus of an atom and electrons in a neutral atom

86
Q

Atomic mass

A

Total mass of an atom and the sum of the masses of all atom components including protons, neutrons, and electrons

87
Q

When atoms of different elements bond to one another, they make

A

A compound

88
Q

A combination of 2 or more different

A

Elements

89
Q

Compound can only be separated into

A

Its constituent elements by chemical means

90
Q

A substance that is mixed together without chemically bonding is called a

A

Mixture

91
Q

Molecules

A

Two or more atoms bonded together by sharing electrons (covalent bond)

92
Q

Different between molecule and compound

A

1) Molecule: 2 or more elements
2) Compound: 2 or more different elements

93
Q

All compounds are molecules but not all molecules are

A

Compound

94
Q

Chemical reaction

A

Process in which atoms reaarange to form different molecules

95
Q

Pulling molecules apart requires energy and during photosynthesis, sunlight’s energy breaks bonds of

A

To produce oxygen and carbon

96
Q

Combining atoms releases energy oxygens combine with

A

Irons atoms to form rust and nucleosynthesis and helium and He atoms combine to produce heat and sunlight

97
Q

Matter

A

Composed of atoms with positive nuclei and negative electrons

98
Q

Antimattter composed of atoms with

A

Negative nuclei (antiprotons) and positive electrons (positrons)

99
Q

When matter and antimatter come into contract

A

They annihilate and radiate energy in the form of light

100
Q

Positrons

A

Have the same mass as an electron but are positively charged

101
Q

Antiprotons

A

Have the same mass as protons but are negatively charged

102
Q

Antimatter produced by

A

High energy cosmic ray collisions and radioactive decay

103
Q

Dark matter

A

Unlike normal matter, dark matter does not interact with the electromagnetic force and does not absorb, reflect or emit light

104
Q

Dark matter’s existence is inferred from

A

The gravitational effect it seems to have on visible matter

105
Q

Dark energy: An anti-gravity force

A

Drives cosmic objects apart at an increasingly rapid rate rather than drawing them together as gravity does

106
Q

Ordinary matter and dark matter behave

A

Differently

Physics 130: Lecture Slide (Chapter Review) (23 decks)

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