Chapter 12: Solids

Question 1

Atoms in a solid are arranged in

Answer 1

A repeating or periodic array called a crystal

Question 2

Metals, salts, and most minerals - the materials of Earth are

Answer 2

Made up of crystals

Question 3

If you shine an x-ray beam on a solid and it produces an

Answer 3

X-ray diffraction pattern, this is evidence of the crystalline nature of the solid

Question 4

X-ray wavelengths is

Answer 4

0.1 nm - 10 nm

Question 5

Distance between atoms in a solid were

Answer 5

10 nm

Question 6

Solids that do not have atoms arranged in a repeating or periodic array are called

Answer 6

Amorphous solids

Question 7

Crystal structure: The following kinds of bonds can exist between atoms in a solid

Answer 7

1) Ionic
2) Covalent
3) Metallic
4) Van der Waals - the weakest

Question 8

The properties of a solid are

Answer 8

Dependent upon the kind of bonds that exists between the atoms

Question 9

Density

Answer 9

Amount of mass per unit volume

Question 10

When the volume of the bread is reduced, its density

Answer 10

Increases

Question 11

Density depends on the mass and the spacing between atoms in the material

Answer 11

1) Is an intrisic property of the material
2) A degree of “compactness”
3) Independent of the quantity
4) Independent of gravity

Question 12

Density sometimes also expressed as

Answer 12

Weight density

Question 13

If an object is cut in half, its density

Answer 13

Remains the same

Question 14

Density is a ratio of mass to

Answer 14

Volume, and this ratio is greater for any amount of lead than for any amount of aluminum

Question 15

An object subjected to external forces may undergo changes in

Answer 15

Shape and or/size

Question 16

A body’s elasticity is

Answer 16

A measure of how much it changes when a deforming force is exerted on it and how well it returns to its original shape

Question 17

Material that requires more force to stretch are

Answer 17

More elastic

Question 18

Materials that do not return to their original shape are

Answer 18

Inelastic

Question 19

The same amount of force is applied to a steel wire and a rubber wire of equal length and diameter. Which is more elastic?

Answer 19

Steel

Question 20

When you hang a weight on a spring, the weigh applies a force to

Answer 20

The spring, and this stretches the spring

Question 21

Hooke’s Law

Answer 21

The extension of a spring is directly proportional to the force applied to it

Question 22

Applied force on a spring is proportional to

Answer 22

The displacement of the spring from its equilibrium position

Question 23

Displacement can be in the form of

Answer 23

Extension or compression of the spring

Question 24

The spring constant “k” represents the

Answer 24

“Stiffness” of a spring

Question 25

Large k equal very stiff equals to

Answer 25

More force is required to stretch/compress

Question 26

Small k equal less stiff equals to

Answer 26

Less force is required to stretch/compress

Question 27

“Xo” is the spring’s unstretched position

Answer 27

1) “Natural length” of the spring
2) Equilibrium position

Question 28

Only when displaced (stretched or compressed) from equilibrium, a force

Answer 28

Existed

Question 29

When something is pulled on (stretched), it is in

Answer 29

Tension and it is causes things to get longer and thinner

Question 30

Pushed in (squashed) it is in

Answer 30

Compression and it is causes things to get shorter and wider

Question 31

Cantilever beam

Answer 31

A beam fixed at one end and free at the other end

Question 32

Tension and Compression characteristics

Answer 32

1) Tension on the upper side
2) Neutral layer: no tension or compression
3) Compression on the lower side

Question 33

Horizontal (simple) beam

Answer 33

1) Tension on the lower side
2) Compression on the upper side

Question 34

Macroscopic view

Answer 34

It has load and compressing tension the lower layer

Question 35

Microscopic view

Answer 35

The two arrows are corresponding and two arrows are pulled away in the ball-shaped molecules

Question 36

Construction uses a steel I-beam were known as

Answer 36

A beam with a cross-section shaped as letter I

Question 37

The shape of the I-beam maximizes strength because

Answer 37

The top (under compression) and bottom (under tension) have the most material

Question 38

The shape of the I-beam minimizes strength because

Answer 38

The middle of the beam that is not under stress has the least material

Question 39

A student wants to attach a swing to the branch of a tree. Three marks are made on the branch where a hole should be drilled to insert the rope. Through which mark should the hole be drilled so as not to weaken the branch?

Answer 39

Near the middle (B) = neutral layer

Question 40

If the arch is supporting only its own weight, then the proper shape is

Answer 40

A catenary (Arch of St. Louis)

Question 41

The catenary is also the natural shape of a chain that

Answer 41

Hangs between two points

Question 42

An arch rotated around is

Answer 42

A dome (Jefferson’s monument)

Question 43

Scaling is

Answer 43

The study of how the volume and shape (size) of any object affects the relationship of its strength, weight, and surface are

Question 44

Strength is related to the area of the cross section

Answer 44

1) Two dimensional
2) Measured in square centimeters

Question 45

Weight related to volume

Answer 45

1) Three dimensional
2) Measured in cubic centimeters

Question 46

For increases in linear dimension, cross-sectional area and strength grow as

Answer 46

The square of the increase

Question 47

For increases in linear dimension, volume and weight grow as

Answer 47

The cube of the increase