Chapter 12 Flashcards
1
Q
What is any condition that interferes with the normal functioning of the body?
A
disease
2
Q
What is a microscopic organism?
A
microbe
3
Q
What is any organism that causes disease?
A
pathogens
4
Q
What type of diseases is caused by invading pathogens?
A
infectious
5
Q
What type of diseases is caused by other factors besides invading pathogens such as aging, hormones, genetics, or nutrition?
A
noninfectious
6
Q
What type of diseases are severe by last only a short time?
A
acute
7
Q
What type of diseases are long lasting or recurring?
A
chronic
8
Q
Why is a major emphasis of medical science today on diseases that affect the adult population?
A
because most of the diseases that once concerned society have been conquered
9
Q
What are diseases in which tissues and organs gradually lose their ability to function properly?
A
degenerative diseases
10
Q
What are diseases that are caused by malfunctions of the immune system?
A
immunological diseases
11
Q
What are the most common immunological diseases which occur when the immune system overreacts to foregin substances?
A
allergies
12
Q
What is a type of allergy in which the bronchial tubes constrict tightly when an irritating substance is inhaled?
A
asthma
13
Q
What type of diseases result when the immune system attacks the body it is supposed to protect?
A
autoimmune diseases
14
Q
What is one well-known autoimmune disease in which the cells of the immune system attack the lining of the joints?
A
rheumtoid arthritis
15
Q
What are diseases that occur during development in the mother’s womb and are present at birth?
A
congenital diseases
16
Q
What are diseases that result from inherited genetics of characteristics?
A
genetic diseases
17
Q
What are diseases taht occur because of malfunctions of the endocrine system?
A
hormonal diseases
18
Q
What is the most common hormonal disease that results in the hormone mechanisms that regulate blood glucose?
A
diabetes mellitus
19
Q
What is the disease in which the adrenal glands cease of produce sufficient hormones?
A
Addison’s disease
20
Q
What is the disease that is cause by inadequate secretion of the hormone by the thyroid gland in newborn babies?
A
cretinism
21
Q
What are diseases caused by an improper diet?
A
nutritional diseases
22
Q
What is a disease that results from a diet low in vitamins, minerals, or certain nutriets?
A
deficiency disease
23
Q
Where are deficiency diseases the most common nutritional diseases most prevalent?
A
in underdeveloped countries
24
Q
Where are nutritional diseases caused by an excess of nutrients most prevalent?
A
developed countries
25
What is a condition that results from the runaway growth of the body's own cells?
cancer
26
What is a mass of rapidly reproducing cells?
tumor
27
What describes a tumor that is not cancerous?
benign
28
What is it referred to as when the rapidly diving cells of a benign tumor undergoes additional malfunctions that allow them to leave the tumor and spread through the body?
malignant
29
What is a malignant tumor considered to be?
cancerous
30
How does a tumor form?
your body's cells malfunction and begin reproducing at an uncontrolled rate;
31
What do scientists believe are the four main causes of cancer?
(1) hereditary defects
(2) nutrition
(3) smoking or drug abuse
(4) viruses
32
What are cancers that develop from mutated epithelial cells?
carcinomas
33
What are cancers that develop from mutated connective tissue cells?
sarcomas
34
What are cancers that develop from mutated lymphocytes or from lymphatic tissue?
lymphomas
35
What are cancers that develop from other blood cells?
leukemias
36
What type of cancer is cancer of the melanocytes of the skin?
melanoma
37
What are two ways to treat cancer?
tumor being removed surgically and drugs being taken to trigger the affected cells to self-destruct
38
What is one of the most important factors is treating cancer?
to treat cancer early, before is has spread
39
What is a substance that is though to be capable of causing cancer?
carcinogen
40
What is one of the most common and most deadly cancers?
lung cancer
41
What is a test in which a group of special tumor-prone laboratory rats are fed extraordinary doses of the chemical being tested to determine whether or not a substance might be a carcinogen?
high-dose rodent tests
42
What is a test that involves applying small amount of the chemical to a bacterial culture and testing the cell of genetic mutations?
Ames test
43
What means causing mutations?
mutagenic
44
What are three main ways to significantly reduced your risk of cancer?
(1) avoid smoking
(2) eat a healthy, balanced diet
(3) regular exercise
45
What is the most common form of disease?
infectious diseases caused by pathogens
46
What are diseases in which the invading microbe can be transferred from person to person?
communicable diseases
47
What are diseases caused by microorganism that are not transferred from one person to another?
noncommunicable diseases
48
What are diseases caused by bacteria?
bacterial diseases
49
What are diseases caused by viruses?
viral diseases
50
What are diseases caused by protozoa?
protozoal diseases
51
What are diseases caused by fungi?
mycotic diseases
52
What are diseases caused by roundworms, tapeworms, or flukes?
helminthic diseases
53
What are microscopic, unicellular creatures that are some of the most widespread organisms in all of God's creation?
bacteria
54
What are organisms that have cells with membrane-bound nuclei and membrane-enclosed organelles?
eukaryotes
55
What are organisms that, instead of having a nucleus, have genetic material clumped together?
prokaryotes
56
What is a dense region of the cell in prokaryotes?
nucleoid
57
What are small DNA circles that can be exchanges among bacteria?
plasmids
58
What protect the bacteria from drying out and help shield them from attack by viruses?
capsules
59
What means capable of motion?
motile
60
What are whip-like structures that move motile bacteria?
flagella
61
What are spherical bacteria that usually grow in clusters or chains?
cocci
62
What are rod-shaped bacteria?
bacilli
63
What are spiral-shaped bacteria?
spirilla
64
What describes organisms that are able to make their own food?
autotrophic
65
What describes organisms that are unable to make their own food?
heterotrophic
66
What is the asexual method of reproduction in which a unicellular organism splits into two cells?
binary fission
67
What is any of a group of small bacteria that reproduces only inside other living cells?
rickettsiae
68
How may bacteria protect themselves when unfavorable conditions occur?
they become dormant
69
What is a thick, protective internal capsule that a bacterium forms to protect its nucleoid and other key machinery during unfavorable conditions?
endospore
70
What type of bacteria live where air is present and obtains oxygen fromt the air?
aerobic bacteria
71
What type of bacteria live in the absence of oxygen?
anaerobic bacteria
72
Who was the famous French scientist who developed the germ concept of diseases, developed a vaccine for rabies, and demonstrated that not even the simplest organisms can develop from nonliving matter?
Louis Pasteur
73
Who was the German physician who developed techniques used to study bacteria safely and formulated guidelines for determining if a particular bacterium is the cause of a specific disease?
Robert Koch
74
What is a scientist who studies bacteria?
bacteriologist
75
What is the set of guidelines developed by Robert Koch for determining if a particular bacteriu is the cause of a particula disease?
Koch's postulates
76
What is the simplest way bacteria harm the cells of the infected infividual?
stealing the cell's nutrients
77
What is a pathogen that is a molecule of genetic material enclosed in a geometric protein capsid?
virus
78
What is a substance that develops an acquired immunity to a disease?
vaccine
79
How are new viruses manufactured?
by infected cells
80
What is the cell structure that performs translation to manufacture proteins based on mRNA "blueprints" from the nucleus?
ribosome
81
Who are scientists who study viruses?
virologists
82
What are single-celled organisms that are responsible for several well-lnown diseases common in tropical regions?
protozo
83
What two skin conditions are caused by fungi?
Athlete's foot and ringworm
84
What is a very common protozoal disease in tropical regions?
malaria
85
What is a fungal infection of the mouth that sometimes affects infants?
thrush
86
What is the result of a fungal infection of the scalp?
dandruff
87
What type of infection is carried by droplets, such as those discharged during a sneeze or cough?
droplet infection
88
Who is a person who displays no symptoms of infectious diseases but harbors the pathogens in his body and can pass them on to infect others?
carrier
89
What is an animal that transmits infection?
vector
90
What type of diseases are caused by sexual relations?
sexually transmitted diseases
91
What is another name for sexually transmitted diseases?
venereal
92
What is the state of having pathogens presente and growing in the body?
infection
93
What occus when a disease spreads rapidly and extensively among a population?
epidemic
94
What is the period of pathogen development in which a person has an infection but does not show signs of symptoms of disease?
incubation period
95
What occurs when an epidemis affects a large population of the earth?
pandemic
96
What is a substance that stimulated your body to develop an acquired immunity to a disease?
vaccine
97
Who was the Hungarian doctor who was the first physician to realize that handwashing prevented the spread of disease among patients in hospitals?
Ignaz Semmelweis
98
What is a method of disease prevention is mentioned in the Scriptures?
avoiding unncessary contact
99
What is one of the simplest ways to reduces the spread of many diseases?
frequent handwashing
100
How can diseases spread by contaminated objects or substances be prevented?
by avoiding contamination or by disinfecting the transmitted objects
101
What occurs when a disease will not infect enough new victim to sustain itself?
herd immunity
102
Who was the British doctor who established the use of antiseptics?
Joseph Lister
103
What is the idea that every infectious disease is caused by a specific pathogen?
germ concept of disease
104
What is the most important part of the immune system?
white blood cells
105
What is a complex of fluid-filled vessels and chambers that helps transport white blood cells through the body and aids the cleansing of internal body fluids of pathogens?
lymphatic system
106
What do the work of protecting your body against invaders?
white blood cells
107
What is the technical name for white blood cells?
leukocytes
108
What type of white blood cells roam through your tissues and body cavities, engulfing and disposing of any bacteria, viruses, and cellular debris they encounter?
phagocytes
109
What are chemical signals through which white blood cells communicate?
cytokins
110
What is a chemical messenger which limits the spread of viruses?
histamine
111
What is a chemical messenger which limits the spread of viruses?
interferon
112
What type of white blood cell produces one of the most important weapons that your immune system uses to fight pathogens?
lymphocytes
113
What are T-shaped protein molecules that bind to pathogen antigens to inactivate pathogens and mark them for destruction?
antibodies
114
What type of defenses are antibodies and lymphocytes?
special defenses
115
What type of defenses are those such as the action of phagocytes and the effects of histamine?
nonspecific defenses
116
What is the fluid that originates in blood plasma and surround the body's cells?
tissue fluid
117
What is the portion of the immune system that is a drainage and sanitation system for tissue fluid?
lymphatic system
118
What are the vessels that drains tissue fluid from the body's tissues?
lymph vessels
119
What is the name for tissue fluid that has entered the lymph vessels?
lymph
120
What are the two large ducts that empty lymph rom the lymph vessels into the subclavian veins?
lymph ducts
121
What are special enlargements of lymphatic tissue that filters tissue fluid?
lymph nodes
122
What serves as bases and staging areas for white blood cells?
lymph nodes
123
What are accumulations of lymph nodes in the throat that protect the entrance to the body?
tonsils and adenoids
124
What is the infection of the tonsils?
tonsilitis
125
What are lymph node groups located in the intestinal wall of the ileum?
Peyer's patches
126
What is the lower part of the small intestine?
ileum
127
What is the body's largest lymph organ?
spleen
128
Where are immature T cells matured and "trained" after being produced in the bone marrow?
thymus
129
What is the oil produces by the sebaceous glands that contain substances which hinder the growth of many pathogenic bacteria?
sebum
130
What is a sticky coating that lines the nose and mouth?
mucus
131
What secretes mucus?
mucuos membrane
132
What are small extensions of the mucous membrane that sweep pathogens caught in the mucus to the throat where they can be expelled or destroyed?
cilia
133
What are enzymes that kill bacteria be destroying their cell walls?
lysozymes
134
What is an elevated body temperature?
fever
135
What are lymphocytes that guard against a particular pathogen for the rest of your life?
memory cells
136
What is a condition of resistance to a pathogen?
immunity
137
What type of immunity results from circulating antibodies or memory cells?
acquired immunity
138
What type of acquired immunity is developed through an immune response to a pathogen?
active acquired immunity
139
What type of acquired immunity develops when someone else receives and infusion of antibodies from someone else?
passive acquired immunity
140
What type of immunity results from factors other than the presence of antibodies and memory cells?
innate immunity
141
What is type of innate immunity occurs because many pathogens infect only particular types of organisms?
species immunity
142
What is the condition in which a person's immune system breaks down?
immune deficiency
143
What is a serious immune deficiency disease caused by HIV?
AIDS
144
What does AIDS stand for?
acquired immune deficiency synodrome
145
What is a retrovirus that causes AIDS?
HIV
146
How is HIV transmitted?
by direct contract with body fluids of an infected person
147
What are substances that block certain phases in the reproduction of HIV?
antiretroviral drugs
148
What is the treatment and prevention of disease using vaccines and antiserums?
immune therapy
149
What is the process of exposing the body's immune system to a weakened form of a pathogen in order to produce memory cells and antibodies against it?
vaccines
150
What are blood extracts that contain antibodies?
antiserums
151
What is any procedure in which chemical compounds are used to treat a disease?
chemotherapy
152
What are substances produced by bacteria, molds, and certain other organisms that are effective in stopping the growth of microorganisms?
antibodies
153
What is a powerful antibiotic extracted from Penicillium mold?
penicillin
154
Who discovered penicillin?
Alexander Fleming
155
What is the best way to fight diseases?
take measures to prevent them
156
When can a fever be a bad thing?
when it gets too high or lasts too long
