Chapter 2

Question 1

What are living things composed of more than one cell called?

Answer 1

Multicellular organisms

Question 2

What is a group of structures designed to function together as a unit to perform a particular job for an organism?

Answer 2

System

Question 3

What is a structure within a system that is a definite form and performs a definite function or functions for the system?

Answer 3

Organ

Question 4

What is a part of the plant that is ordinarily underground, anchoring the plant, and the functions in the absorption of nutrients and storage of food?

Answer 4

Root system

Question 5

What is the part of the plant that is usually found above ground, holding the leaves toward the sun for the manufacturing of food and providing for the protection of the flowers, fruits and seeds?

Answer 5

Shoot system

Question 6

What are the three basic leaf shapes?

Answer 6

Brought in flat, long and narrow, needle- like or scale - like

Question 7

What is the flat portion of a leaf?

Answer 7

Blade

Question 8

What are the pipelines that carry food and water throughout the blade?

Answer 8

Veins

Question 9

What is the edge of the blade?

Answer 9

Margin

Question 10

What is a large vein running down the center of the blade?

Answer 10

Midrib

Question 11

What is the second major part of a typical leaf that attaches the blade to the stem and contains vascular tissues that conduct substances between the blade and the stem?

Answer 11

Petiole

Question 12

What are leaves that lack a petiole referred to as?

Answer 12

sessile leaves

Question 13

What is a certain sessile leaf that attaches to the stem and seems to wrap around the stem?

Answer 13

Sheath

Question 14

What are small leaf - like or scale - like structures that helped to cover the leaf when it was developing?

Answer 14

Stipules

Question 15

What contain a developing leaf or stem structure?

Answer 15

buds

Question 16

What type of leaf has only one blade on every petiole?

Answer 16

Simple leaf

Question 17

What type of leaf has more than one blade on every petiole?

Answer 17

Compound leaf

Question 18

What is each small blade on a compound leaf called?

Answer 18

Leaflet

Question 19

What are the points at which leaves grow from the stem called?

Answer 19

Nodes

Question 20

What is the type of arrangement that occurs when two leaves grow from each node?

Answer 20

Opposite arrangement

Question 21

What are the small appendages that cover the buds when they are dormant in the cold winter months?

Answer 21

bud scales

Question 22

What are marks on a branch that show where leaves had previously grown?

Answer 22

Leaf scars

Question 23

What are marks that show where bud scales had previously grown?

Answer 23

Bud - scale scars

Question 24

What is the type of arrangement that occurs when only one leaf grows from each node in an alternating pattern up the branch?

Answer 24

Alternate arrangement

Question 25

What is the type of arrangement that occurs when there are three or more leaves growing from each node?

Answer 25

Whorled arrangement

Question 26

What is the arrangement that occurs when a cluster of leaves grow around the base of a plant?

Answer 26

Rosette arrangements

Question 27

What is living material that is constructed in such a way as to perform a particular task for the organs of an organism?

Answer 27

Tissue

Question 28

What is the type of tissue that composes most of the body of a plant?

Answer 28

Structural tissue

Question 29

What is the type of tissue that protects and covers leaves, roots, stems, and other exposed areas and prevents excessive water lossand injury by outside agents?

Answer 29

Epidermal tissue

Question 30

What consists of a wavy substance that helps to seal and water?

Answer 30

Cuticle layer

Question 31

What type of tissue grows in the place of bark on a young stem?

Answer 31

Cork tissue

Question 32

What type of tissues is the support and strengthening tissue that consists of fibers that run through roots, stems, large veins of leaves?

Answer 32

Parenchyma

Question 33

What type of tissue is composed of elongated, tubular cells that are sap conducting tissues?

Answer 33

Vascular tissue

Question 34

What type of vascular tissue transports water and dissolved minerals aboard from the roots to the leaves?

Answer 34

Xylem

Question 35

What type of vascular tissue transports food manufactured in the leaves downward?

Answer 35

Phloem

Question 36

What is the sweet liquid found within the vascular tissue of plants?

Answer 36

Sap

Question 37

What type of tissue consists of rapidly growing and dividing cells that differentiate to produce new tissues during the plant's growth?

Answer 37

Meristematic tissue

Question 38

What is a layer located in the meristematic tissue that enables stems and roots to grow in diameter?

Answer 38

Cambium layers

Question 39

What type of cambium layer produces new vascular tissue?

Answer 39

Vascular Cambium

Question 40

What type of cambium layer produces new cork tissue?

Answer 40

Cork cambium

Question 41

What provides covering and protection for both the upper and lower leaf surfaces?

Answer 41

Epidermis

Question 42

What are tiny openings located in the lower epidermis?

Answer 42

stomata

Question 43

What is the loss of water vapor from leaves and stems?

Answer 43

Transpiration

Question 44

What are crescent shaped cells that expand and contract to open and close each stoma?

Answer 44

Guard cells

Question 45

What is the middle portion of a leaf for photosynthesis occurs?

Answer 45

Mesophyll

Question 46

What type of mesophyll is located toward the upper side of the leaf and consists of elongated column like cells?

Answer 46

palisade Mesophyll

Question 47

What type of mesophyll consists of large, regularly shaped cells separated by large air spaces?

Answer 47

spongy Mesophyll

Question 48

What are air spaces between the spongy mesophyll cells?

Answer 48

Intercellular air spaces

Question 49

What is the pattern of veins within leaves?

Answer 49

Venation

Question 50

What type of venation is where veins run parallel to each other?

Answer 50

parallel venation

Question 51

What type of venation is where veins are in a branching pattern characterized by one major vein with smaller veins extending outward from it?

Answer 51

Pinnate venation

Question 52

What is the type of venation in which two or more major veins extend outward from 1 point like the fingers extending from the palm of a hand?

Answer 52

Palmate Venation

Question 53

What are tubes that run through the mesophyll of a leaf?

Answer 53

veins

Question 54

What is the basic structural unit of all living things?

Answer 54

cell

Question 55

What's around the cell and separates it from its environment and regulates what enters and leaves the cell?

Answer 55

Cell membrane

Question 56

What is a spherical body often located near the center of the cell and contains the cell's activities?

Answer 56

Nucleus

Question 57

What consists of many molecules in organelles inside of a cell?

Answer 57

Cytoplasm

Question 58

What make up the cell in the fluid medium that surrounds them?

Answer 58

Organelles

Question 59

What is located outside of the cytoplasm?

Answer 59

Cell wall

Question 60

What makes up the cell wall and is made of long chains of glucose?

Answer 60

Cellulose

Question 61

What is a substance that adds stiffening to the walls of the woody cells in trees and shrubs?

Answer 61

Lignin

Question 62

What are tiny chemical “factories” that use light to manufacture food?

Answer 62

Chloroplasts

Question 63

What is the green pigment that gives plants their color and enables them to capture the energy of light?

Answer 63

Chlorophyll

Question 64

What are the storage structures and cells that store food materials come a fluid substances, and minerals?

Answer 64

Vacuoles

Question 65

What are organisms that can make their own food and are also called producers?

Answer 65

Autotrophs

Question 66

What are organisms that cannot make their own food and must obtain it from other organisms are also called consumers?

Answer 66

heterotrophs

Question 67

What is the process whereby a plant's chloroplasts capture radiant energy of light and convert it into the chemical energy of food?

Answer 67

Photosynthesis

Question 68

What are specialized disks that are stacked within the chloroplasts?

Answer 68

thylakoids

Question 69

What enables the plant to “burn” sugars is fuel for energy; is the process by combining oxidized sugars with oxygen in a chemical reaction?

Answer 69

Cellular respiration

Question 70

What is much of the glucose in a plant converted into?

Answer 70

Sucrose

Question 71

What are long chain like molecules that consist of thousands of glucose molecules linked together that is used for storing energy in a plant?

Answer 71

Starch

Question 72

Name five factors that influence photosynthesis.

Answer 72

- temperature, - the humidity of the air, - the amount of carbon dioxide, - the amount of available light, and - the wind speed

Question 73

What produces yellowish colors in a plant?

Answer 73

xanthophyl

Question 74

What produces yellowish orange colors in a plant?

Answer 74

carotene

Question 75

What produces bright red, blue, and purple colors in a plant?

Answer 75

anthocyanin

Question 76

What is the special layer of cells that forms at the base of the petiole in a plant and severs the connection between the petiole and the stem?

Answer 76

abscission layer

Question 77

What weakens the cell walls of the abscission layer and allows the leaf to break off under its own weight?

Answer 77

Cellulose

Question 78

What remains on the stem at the point where the petiole was attached?

Answer 78

Leaf scar

Question 79

What is the process by which a plant loses water vapor through its leaves and stems?

Answer 79

Transpiration

Question 80

What is the pressure that is caused by the water in the guard cells?

Answer 80

turgor pressure

Question 81

What is the effect of a high rate of transpiration on a plant?

Answer 81

Wilting

Question 82

What type of wilting occurs when transpiration takes place faster than the roots can absorb soil water but its effects are usually reversed through the night?

Answer 82

Temporary wilting

Question 83

What type of wilting occurs if there is a drought and there is not sufficient soil water to replace that lost by transpiration?

Answer 83

Permanent wilting

Question 84

What is a leaf that has a special design for a special task?

Answer 84

Special leaf

Question 85

Name three examples of special leaves.

Answer 85

Tendrils, spines, the pitcher plant

Question 86

What means insect eating?

Answer 86

insectivorous