Chapter 21 Flashcards by Katharine Bacon

What is the largest group of water animals on Earth?

mollusks

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What part of a mollusk is used for locomotion?

foot

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What part of a mollusk contains the internal organs?

visceral hump

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What part of a mollusk is a skin-like organ that covers the visceral hump?

mantle

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What are mollusks that have two hinged shells?

bivalves

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What is formed by sheets of nacre built up around an irritating substance lodged in a bivalve’s mantle?

pearl

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What are two very strong muscles that hold the two shells of a bivalve together?

adductor muscle

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What does a clam uses its foot for?

burrowing very quickly into the sand

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What is an open chamber in which a bivalve’s gills are located?

mantle cavity

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What takes water into the mantle cavity to the gills?

incurrent siphon

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Where is oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged?

gills

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What are mollusks that have a head and glides over a ribbon of slime produced by the glands in its foot?

gastropod

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What are gastropods that look like snails without shells?

slugs

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What are marine slugs?

nudibranchs

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What is a rough, file-like organ that scrapes food and carries it like a conveyor belt in the digestive tract?

radula

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What are aquatic mollusks that have elongated visceral humps and a merged head and foot?

cephalopods

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What is a torpedo-shaped cephalopod noted for its ability to more by jet propulsion?

squid

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What is a cephalopod with a conspicuous head and eight arms?

octopus

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What is the only cephalopod with an external shell?

nautilus

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What are spiny-skinned invertebrates with a water-vascular system?

echinoderms

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What is the somewhat flattened region from which the arms of an echidnoderm radiate?

central disk

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What is the complex system of water-filled tubes that extend throughout an echinoderm’s body?

water-vascular system

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What is an echinoderm with a body that resembles a five-pointed star?

starfish

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What are the arms of a starfish?

rays

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What is the light-sensitive spot found on invertebrates such as a starfish?

eyespot

What are water-vascular structures on the underside of a starfish that is used for holding onto things, for moving, and for opening that shells of clams and oysters?

tube feet

What are microscopic freshwater invertebrates that have wheel-like cilia?

rotifers

What refers to the reproduction through unfertilized eggs?

partenogenic

What are the stinging cells of a coalenterate?

cnidocytes

What are aquatic invertebrates that have a sac-like body, a central digestive cavity with a single opening, and tentacles containing cnidocytes?

coelenterate

What are sessile, cylindrical coelenterate body forms with an upward facing mouth?

polyp

What are free-swimming, umbrella-shaped coelenterate body with a downward facing mouth?

medusa

What are small freshwater coelenterates of the polyp form?

hydra

What are free-swimming coelenterates that have a medusa body form and undergoes alteration of generation?

jellyfish

What are relatively large marine coelenterate with a polyp body form?

sea anemones

What are colonial coelenterate that resembles a miniature sea anemone but produces a limestone cup at the base of its body?

coral

What are vast limestone structures made of the limestone cups of a coral colony?

coral reef

What is the world's largest coral reef?

Great Barrier Reef

What are hollow-bodied, sessile, aquatic, invertebrates whose body consists of only two cell layers and lacks a nervous system?

sponge

What is the body opening or mouth of a sponge?

osculum

What are small body openings through which water enters a sponge?

ostia

What is the inner layer of cells in a sponge that line the body cavity?

collar cells

What are the crystalline support structures of the sponge?

spicules

What are invertebrates with a cylindrical body divided into many consecutive ring-like segments?

segmented worms

What is the dividing wall that separates each segments of a segemented worm?

septum

What are bristles that extends or contracts to move an earthworm?

setae

What is a typical annelid that makes a fine specimen to study?

earthworm

What is another name for segmented worms?

annelids

What is part of an earthworm's circulatory system that are the "hearts"?

aortic arches

What is the shovel-like upper lip that scoops soil into an earthworm's mouth?

prostonium

What are coiled excretory tubes that are open at both ends and function like tiny kidneys in an earthworm?

nephridia

What is the largest class of segmented worms?

sea worms

What is the pair of fleshy lobes on all sea worms that assist in movement and in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide?

parapodia

What are somewhat flattened worms that do not have setae but do have a suction disk?

leeches

What are worms with flattened bodies?

flatworms

What are the free-living flatworms that live a scavengers in ponds, streams, and lakes?

planarians

What are light-sensitive structures on planarians?

eyespots

How do most planarians reproduce?

sexually

What are parasitic flatworms that spend a part of their lives as parasites within snails?

flukes

What are parasitic flatworms that live in the intestines of their hosts?

tapeworms

What is a tapeworm's head called?

scolex

What is a non-segmented animal with a long and slender body covered by a thin cuticle?

roundworms

What is a parasitic roundworm that inhabits the vessels of the lymphatic system and produces a serious condition called elephatiasis?

filaria worm

What are parasitic roundworms that live in their host's intestine and suck the host's blood?

hookworms

What are parasitic roundworms that cause the disease trichnosis?

trichina worm

What are parasitic roundworms that feed on partially digested food and can live in the intestines of humans and most mammals?

Ascaris worms

What are unicellular animal-like organisms in the kingdom of Protista?

protozoans

What are protozoa that have one or more whip-like filaments?

flagellates

What are whip-like filaments?

flagella

What are usual protozoans found in freshwater ponds and streams?

euglenas

What is a thickened membrane that covers a euglena's body?

pellicle

What is the movement in which the body itself changes shape?

euglenoid movement

What part of a euglena stores and discharges water and liquid wastes?

contractile vacuole

What is the asexual method of reproduction by which a euglena splits lengthwise to reproduce?

binary fission

What is a parasite flagellate that causes African sleeping sickness?

trypanosome

What aids a trypanosome in its movement through the blood of another organism and is formed by a second flagellate?

undulating movement

What is perhaps the best-known and most common of the sarcodines?

amoeba

What are protozoa that have flexible bodies and can change shape at will?

sarcodines

What are "false feet" that are used for locomotion and for ingesting food particles on an amoeba?

pseudopods

What regulates the water content of the cell in an amoeba?

contractile vacuole

What is a sickness caused by a harmful amoeba and is common in areas of the world where unsanitary conditions pravail?

amoebic dysentery

What are sarcodines that produce shells made of calcium carbonate?

foraminiferans

What is the movement of a protozoan toward or away from a stimulus?

taxis

What are protozoans that secrete intricate shells made of silica?

radiolarians

What are protozoa with hair-like projections called cilia?

ciliates

What are hair-like projects the cover the protozoan's entire body of any part of it?

cilia

What consists of ciliates distinguished by their unique slipper shape and the cilia that cover them on all sides?

paramecia

What is a large nucleus called?

macronucleus

What is a small nucleus called?

micronucleus

What is the outer layer of a paramecium?

cortex

What is the inner layer of a paramecium?

endoplasm

What are dart-like structures that the paramecium shoots out when it is attacked or when it is feeding?

trichocysts

What is the mouth cavity of a paramecium?

oral groove

Where is the undigested food particles released in a paramecium?

anal pore

What is the process of reproduction in which two paramecia exchange nuclear materials?

conjugation

What is a barrel-shaped ciliate that commonly feeds on paramecia?

didinium

What is a stalked ciliate commonly found in stagnant ponds?

vorticella

What is a trumpet-shaped ciliate that can be found swimming freely in fresh and salt water?

stentor

What are non-moveable spore-forming protozoa that require two hosts?

sporozoans

What has one of the most complex reproductive cycles of any protozoan and reprodcue both asexually and sexually and undergoes alteration of generations?

plasmodium