Chapter 9 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the general term for the chemical processes of life?
A
metabolism
2
Q
What are the elements and compounds the body needs for energy, repair, and growth?
A
nutrients
3
Q
What is the energy content of food?
A
Calorie
4
Q
What is one thousand calories called when it is refering to physics?
A
kilocalorie
5
Q
If a person consumes more Calories than he needs, what is the excess energy-producing substances converted into and where are they stored?
A
they are converted into fat and stored in adipose cells
6
Q
What are adipose cells?
A
fat cells
7
Q
What is the condition of being severely overweight because of excess body fat?
A
obesity
8
Q
What are carbohydrates, proteins, and fats all considered to be because they ar needed in relatively large amounts?
A
macronutrients
9
Q
What are vitamins and minerals considered to be because they are needed in much smaller quantities?
A
micronutrients
10
Q
What are the most important energy-producing compounds in the cell that provide most of the energy for living things?
A
carbohydrates
10
Q
What is any of a group of carbohydrates?
A
sugar
11
Q
What are simple sugars?
A
monosaccharides
12
Q
What type of carbohydrate is formed from a long chain of simple carbohydrates?
A
polysaccharide
12
Q
What are two or more monosaccharides combined?
A
disaccharides
12
Q
What are both monosaccharides and disaccharides considered to be?
A
simple carbohydrates
12
Q
What is a polysaccharide considered to be?
A
complex carbohydrate
12
Q
What is a mixture of polysaccharides manufacture by plant cells for glucose storage?
A
starch
12
Q
What type of dietary fiber turns into a gel during digestion?
A
soluble fiber
12
Q
What is not digested or incorportated into the body?
A
dietary fiber
12
Q
What type of dietary fiber help move undigested wastes along to keep the intestines cleaned and healty?
A
insoluble fiber
13
Q
What is a form of insoluble fiber that is the primary component to plant cell walls?
A
cellulose
14
Q
What are complex organic molecules used to build and maintain living cells?
A
proteins
15
Q
What are simpler molecules that make up proteins?
A
amino acids
15
Q
What is the simplest type of lipid molecule that is made of carbon and oxygen atoms attached to a long chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms?
A
fatty acid
15
What is a varied group of compounds characterized by insolubility in water?
lipids
15
What type of fatty acid has every possible bond to hydrogen occupied?
saturated fatty acids
15
What type of fatty acid does not have every possible hydrogen atom occupied?
unsaturated fatty acids
15
What do fatty acids combine into to form larger molecules?
fats
15
What are fats also called because they attach to a single molecule called glycerol?
triglycerides
16
What are oils that are formed when hydrogen is added to vegetable oils?
hydrogenated oils
17
What is used by our bodies to make bile, vitamin D, and important hormones?
cholesterol
18
What is a buildup of deposits inside the blood vessels?
atherosclerosis
19
What is the energy carries of the cell and a convenient form for the temporary storage of chemical energy?
ATP
20
What is a molecule constructed of a nitrogen-continuing base?
nucleotide
21
What type of carbohydrates are found in bread, cereals, pasta, potatoes, and rice?
complex carbohydrates
22
What are important organic substances needed n small amounts for the proper function of metabolism?
vitamins
23
What type of vitamins are easily eliminated from the body?
water-soluble vitamins
24
What are the two water-soluble vitamins?
vitamin C and B
25
What type of vitamins can accumulate in the body if ingested in excess?
fat-soluble vitamins
26
What are the fat-soluble vitamins?
vitamins A, D, E, and K
27
What are molecules that assist a cell's enzymes in perfoming their jobs?
coenzymes
28
What are substances that neutralize harmful molecules called free radicals?
antioxidants
29
What are natural byproducts of cell processes that damage important cell parts?
free radicals
30
What are important inorganic nutrients needed for proper growth and repair of body tissues?
minerals
31
What is the protein that transports oxygen through your body?
hemoglobin
32
What is much of a person's body weight made of?
water
33
What type of fluid makes up nearly 60% of the total body water that is found inside the body's cells?
intracellular fluid
34
What type of fluid surrounds the cells and is found primarily in blood plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, and the joints?
extracellular fluid
35
What is the tube that extends through the digestive system from the mouth to the anus?
alimentary canal
36
What is the purpose of the alimentary canal?
absorption, digestion, and elimination of food
37
What is the changing of food substances with large, complex chemical molecules into substances with smaller, less complex molecules?
digestion
38
What is the muscular action that food is continually mixed by?
peristalsis
39
What is a soup-like substance that is formed by the liver?
bile
40
What are special proteins that control the senses of small steps of digestion?
enzymes
41
What type of enzymes control digestion and are produced by the tiny secreting bodies called digestive glands?
digestive enzymes
42
What are the glands located in the mouth, the stomach, the small intestine, and the pancreas?
digestive glands
43
What is the cavity where food is lubricated and ground to begin the digestive processs?
oral cavity
44
What is a slimy substance that keeps the oral cavity moist and lubricated?
mucus
45
What is the roof of the mouth that work with the tongue, lips, and teeth to form words for speech?
palate
46
What pushes food between the teeth and helps mix food with mucus and saliva?
tongue
47
What is the small ball of broken down food that the tongue pushes to the back of the mouth to be swallowed?
bolus
48
What are the digestive glands of the mouth that produce saliva?
salivary glands
49
What are the digestive enzymes that begin the digestion of starch before the food is swallowed?
salivary amylase
50
What cuts, breaks, and crushes food into smaller pieces so that it may be more easily digested?
teeth
51
What are the four front cutting teeth?
incisors
52
What are the two tearing teeth that flank the incisors?
cuspids
53
What are the four light-grinding teeth that are in pairs on each side of the jaw next to the cuspids?
bicuspids
54
What means that the wisdom teeth that may erupt too close to the adjacent molar and become stuck so that they fail to grow up through the gums?
impacted
54
What are the six heavy-grinding teeth that are arranged three to a side at the back of the jaw?
molars
54
What is the last molar on each side of the jaw?
wisdom tooth
54
What is the first set of teeth that appear during the first four or five years of life?
primary teeth
54
What are the teeth that form on the jaw beneath the primary teeth?
permanent teeth
55
What breaks the food into small particles that increases the surface area of the food and thus aids digestion?
masticution
56
What are the three genera parts of the tooth?
crown, neck, and root
57
What is the part of the tooth that is exposed above the gums?
crown
58
What consists mainly of blood vessels and nerves?
pulp
58
What is the part of the tooth that is the part at the gum line?
neck
58
What is the part of the tooth that anchors the tooth in place below the gums?
root
58
What is a mineral substance that covers the crown and is the hardest substance of the human body?
enamel
58
What is the bone-like layer that surrounds the pulp and forms the bulk of the tooth?
dentin
59
What is a bone-like substance that fastens the tooth to the jaw?
cementum
60
What is a funnel-shaped cavity at the back of the oral cavity?
pharynx
61
What are the tubes that lead from the opening to the windpipe and the opening to the esophagus?
Eustachian tubes
62
What is the most common disease in man?
dental carries
63
What is a byproduct of the bacteria in plaque breaking down the sugar in foods to produce energy?
lactic acid
64
What is gum disease?
periodontal disease
65
What is the disease in which plaque and tartar accumulate so the gum become tender and inflamed?
gingivitis
66
What is the disease in which the gums detach from the teeth and eventually the bones supporting the teeth are destroyed?
periodontitis
67
What is a 25cm long muscular tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach that lies behind the trachea?
esophagus
68
What is the method by which food is moved through all regions of the digestive tract?
peristalsis
69
What is the small flap of cartilage in the pharynx that closes the top of the trachea as you swallow to prevent food from entering the respiratory tract?
epiglottis
70
What is a sac-like, J-shaped storage structure that lied just below the diaphragm in the upper part of the abdominal cavity?
stomach
71
Instead of two layers of smooth muscle, how many layers does the stomach have?
three
72
What occurs when the stomach has been empty for several hours?
hunger contractions
73
What is the combination of the secretions of mucus, hydrochloric acid, gastric enzymes, and other substances?
gastric juice
74
What softens food, kills bacteria, and reacts with certain minerals, making them soluble?
hydrochloric acid
75
What is an acid medium provided by hydrochloric acid that is the most important gastric enzyme?
pepsin
76
What is the major function of the stomach?
to store food and release it into the small intestine at the required rate
77
What is a thick liquid that the semisolid bolus is reduced to by peristaltic movements in the stomach and gastric juice secretions?
chyme
78
What is the area of thickened circular muscles where the esophagus joins the stomach?
cardiac sphincter
79
What is a burning sensation that is caused by the gastric secretions irritating the esophagus?
heartburn
80
What is the area located at the lower end of the stomach to keep the food in the stomach until the food has been sufficiently mixed with gastric juice and is ready to enter the small intestine?
pyloric sphincter
81
What produces a greenish-colored substance called bile?
liver
82
What is secreted from the liver and stored in the gallbladder to keep the fat molecule droplets separated in the small intestine?
bile
83
What is located beneath the live and stores bile?
gallbladder
84
What are the most important components of bile that helps with the digestion of fats in the small intestine?
bile salts
85
What is the process where the linkage of fat molecules breaks large droplets into smaller droplets?
emulsification
86
Where does the bile enter the small intestine through?
common bile duct
87
What produces pancreatic juice and secretes the juice into the small intestine?
pancreas
88
Where does the pancreatic juice enter the small intestine?
pancreatic duct
89
What part of pancreatic juice digests fats?
pancreatic lipase
90
What part of the pancreatic juice digests carbohydrates?
pancreatic amylase
91
What is the primary organ of digestion that is constructed of two layers of muscle?
small intestine
92
What is the first portion of the small intestine where the most chemical digestion occurs?
duodenum
93
What is the middle section of the small intestine?
jejunum
94
What is the last and longest part of the small intestine?
ileum
95
What produces intestinal juice?
intestinal glands
96
What contains several intestinal amylase, intestinal lipase, peptidases, maltase, sucrase, and lactase?
intestinal juice
97
What is the movement of water, digested food, and other dissolved substances into the bloodstream?
absorption
98
What are tiny, hair-like projections of the small intestine whose primary function is to absorb digested food?
villi
99
What are fine extensions of the cell membrane that give villi cells a brush-like border?
microvilli
100
What is another type of tube-like vessel at the center of each villus?
lacteal
101
What is a hormone that is released by the pancreas to signal the liver and muscles to remove glucose from the blood and convert it into glucagon?
insulin
102
What is another hormone that is released by the pancreas which signals the liver to convert glucagon back into glucose and release it back into the bloodstream?
glucagon
103
What is a waste substance that is removed from the bloodstream by the kidneys?
urea
104
What organ is larger in diameter than the small intestine?
large intestine
105
What is a pouch where the small intestine joins the large intestine?
cecum
106
What is a small, finger-like structure that the cecum is attached to?
vermiform appendix
107
What controls the peristaltic movements of materials from the small intestine into the large intestine?
ileocecal valve
108
What has no digestive function but helps the small intestine absorb a certain amount of digested food?
colon
109
What is a condition of expelling too much water when the colon is not working properly?
diarrhea
110
What stores indigestive materials that pass through the digestive system?
rectum
111
What are wasted that are semisolids and relatively dry by the time they finish their passage through the colon?
feces
112
What is a gastrointestinal disease caused by consumption of food contaminated with bacterial toxins?
food poisoning
113
What is severe food poisoning caused by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum?
botulism
114
What is a common food infection caused when bacteria of the genus Salmonella get into food?
Salmonellosis
115
What is a disease that is rare in the United States that is acquired from food of water contaminated with the bacteria Salmonella but spreads throughout the entire body?
typhoid fever
116
What is gastric indigestion?
dyspepsia
117
What type of dyspepsia results from a disease of the organs of the gastrointestinal tract?
organic dyspepsia
118
What type of dyspepsia usually results from nervous disorders and emotional tension?
functional dyspepsia
119
What is an open sore in the mucous membrane resulting from the breakdown of the tissues?
ulcer
120
What are ulcers that occur in the stomach?
gastric ulcers
121
What are ulcers that occur where the duodenum is exposed to gastric juice as the stomach contents enter the small intestine?
duodenal ulcers
122
What type of ulcers are caused by the digestive section of pepsin?
peptic valves
123
What results when the feces becomes too dry that defection is difficult?
constipation
124
What is it called when the movement of feces through the colon is so rapid that insufficient water is removed?
diarrhea
125
What is a painful infection of the colon that can be caused by bacteria, protozoa, or viruses?
dysentery
126
What is one of the most common forms of cancer in the United States?
colon cancer
