Chapter 4

Question 1

What are the principal parts of a green plant?

Answer 1

the leaves, the stems, and the roots

Question 2

What part of the plant manufacture most of the plant’s food?

Answer 2

the leaves

Question 3

What part of the plant support the leaves?

Answer 3

the stem

Question 4

What part of the plant are designed to absorb necessary nutrients from the soil and anchor the plant to the soil?

Answer 4

roots

Question 5

What are the parts of the stem that allow is to grow in length or to develop new stems, flowers, or leaves?

Answer 5

bud

Question 6

What covers each bud and protect the bud in winter?

Answer 6

bud scales

Question 6

What type of bud allows the stem to grow in length?

Answer 6

terminal bud

Question 6

What reveal where leaves were attached to the stem in previous years?

Answer 6

leaf scars

Question 6

What type of buds grow in the space formed between the lead petiole and the stem and allow growth of new stems from the sides of the main stem?

Answer 6

lateral buds

Question 7

What are rings that circle the stem and indicate where last year’s growth started?

Answer 7

bud-scale scars

Question 7

What is the section of the twig between nodes?

Answer 7

internode

Question 8

What are opening that allow air to enter the stem?

Answer 8

lenticels

Question 8

What are areas where leaves are growing or have grown?

Answer 8

nodes

Question 9

What type of growth is growht in lenght?

Answer 9

primary growth

Question 10

What type of growth is growth in width?

Answer 10

secondary growth

Question 11

What type of branching is characterized by trees with strong terminal buds on the main vertical stem that grow tall and straight with branches coming from a large central shaft?

Answer 11

spire-like branching

Question 11

What are the three areas of a woody dicot stem?

Answer 11

the bark, the wood, and the pith

Question 12

What type of branching is characterized by several main branches that are usually rather close to the ground?

Answer 12

spreading branching

Question 13

What is the wood that carries water and minerals upward from the roots to the leaves?

Answer 13

xylem

Question 13

What is the innermost layer of the bark that carries sugars and other foods made in the leaves downward to the growing parts of the stem and roots?

Answer 13

phloem

Question 14

What is the outer section of a woody stem that transport food throughout the plant?

Answer 14

bark

Question 14

What is a layer of meristematic tissue that is responsible for the secondary growth of woody stems?

Answer 14

vascular cambium

Question 14

What is the soft tissue at the center of young stems?

Answer 14

pith

Question 15

What stiffens thick cellulose walls?

Answer 15

lignin

Question 15

What is the strong, resilient, inner section of a woody stem that provides strength and support for the stem and helps transport water and minerals from the roots to the leaves?

Answer 15

wood

Question 15

What is the outermost layer of the bark?

Answer 15

epidermis

Question 15

What is a simple system of warter-conducting cells?

Answer 15

tracheid

Question 16

What replaces the epidermis of the bark as the tree grows older?

Answer 16

cork

Question 16

What are the cells that lie between the bark and the wood that produces new phloem cells?

Answer 16

vascular cambium

Question 17

What is the younger, functioning xylem that is usually lighter in color?

Answer 17

sapwood

Question 17

What is the older inner wood that is useful only as support for the stem and is usually a darker color than the rest of the wood?

Answer 17

heartwood

Question 17

What type of cells are packed loosely together and function mostly as water storage cells?

Answer 17

pith cells

Question 17

What are the light and dark streaks in wood that are formed by differences in the size of springwood and summerwood vessels?

Answer 17

grain

Question 18

What is the center of a woody stem in a young plant?

Answer 18

pith

Question 19

What is a type of xylem tube that are longer than a tracheid?

Answer 19

vessels

Question 20

What type of wood in annual growth rings is light in color because xylem vessels are large to conduct the large amount of water necessary for spring growth?

Answer 20

springwood

Question 20

What are distinct layers of xylem that are a result of periods of faster and slower growth?

Answer 20

annual growth rings

Question 20

What type of wood found in annual growth rings is darker in color because the xylem vessels are smaller?

Answer 20

summerwood

Question 21

How are herbaceous stems different from woody stems?

Answer 21

they have soft tissues; they generally live for only one growing season; they do not experience secondary growth; and they are typically smaller than wood plants

Question 22

What are bundles of xylem and phloem cells found in herbaceous stems?

Answer 22

vascular bundles

Question 23

What is the center of the stem in a herbaceous plant?

Answer 23

pith

Question 24

What vascular cells in a herbaceous stem that are found toward the center of the stem?

Answer 24

xylem

Question 25

What are the vascular cells in a herbaceous stem that are found toward the outside of the stem?

Answer 25

phloem

Question 26

What is the tissue in which the vascular bundles are embedded?

Answer 26

cortex

Question 27

What is the outer layer or a herbaceous stem that protects the delicate tissues?

Answer 27

epidermis

Question 28

How are the vascular bundles arranged in herbaceous dicots? Herbaceous monocots?

Answer 28

in rings; scattered throughout the stem

Question 29

What is the outer covering of a monocot stem?

Answer 29

rind

Question 30

What is located in the rind and makes it hard and strong to support the plant?

Answer 30

silica

Question 31

What is it called when a new plant starts to grow from a stem, leaf, or root?

Answer 31

vegetative reproduction

Question 32

What type of reproduction occurs when some part other than the seed grown into a new plant?

Answer 32

asexual reproduction

Question 33

What is the process of deliberately using vegetative reproduction to start a new plant?

Answer 33

vegetative propagation

Question 34

What is a piece of stem or root that can grow into a new plant?

Answer 34

cutting

Question 35

What are two advantages of using cuttings?

Answer 35

it is certain that the new plant will be identical to the plant from which the cutting was taken, and they save much more time compared to the time it would take to grow that plant from a seed

Question 36

What are roots that grow from an unexpected region of a plant, such as from a stem or leaf?

Answer 36

adventitious roots

Question 37

What is the method of vegetative propagation that involves causing an existing plant to generate adventitious roots at a node?

Answer 37

layering

Question 38

What is the process of transplanting living tissue from one plant to another?

Answer 38

grafting

Question 39

When grafting, what is the tree that receives the new stem?

Answer 39

stock

Question 39

What is a kind of grafting in which the scion is a bud?

Answer 39

budding

Question 39

What type of tropism occurs when a plant grows toward chemicals?

Answer 39

chemotropism

Question 40

When grafting, what is the branch which is going to be grafted onto a stem growing on another tree?

Answer 40

scion

Question 40

What type of tropism occurs when a plant responds to gravity?

Answer 40

geotropism

Question 40

What type of tropism occurs when a plant grows towar light?

Answer 40

phototropism

Question 41

What is the simplest response to a stimulus that occurs when an organism either turns toward or away from a stimulus?

Answer 41

toropism

Question 42

What is the first plant hormone to be discovered that causes the stem or shoot of the plant to grow faster on one side than the other?

Answer 42

auxins

Question 42

What are chemical messengers that regulate many aspects of plant growth?

Answer 42

hormones

Question 43

What is the plant hormone that stimulates lateral buds to grow into new shoots?

Answer 43

cytokins

Question 43

What is the plant hormon that triggers germinatin?

Answer 43

gibberellins

Question 43

What type of tropism occurs when a plant grows toward water?

Answer 43

hydrotropism

Question 43

What type of tropism occurs when a plant grows toward touch?

Answer 43

thigmatropism

Question 44

What is the plant hormone that signals plant tissues to remain dormant?

Answer 44

abscisic acid

Question 45

What is the plant hormone that signals leaf abscission?

Answer 45

ethylene

Question 46

What allows seedlings to be produced from individual plant cells grown in the laboratory?

Answer 46

tissue culturing

Question 47

What is a special stem and leaves designed to store food?

Answer 47

bulb

Question 48

What is a swollen stem that stores food underground and has a thinker stem and thinner leaves than a bulb?

Answer 48

corms

Question 49

What is a thick stem that grows horizontally underground to provide food storage and cause vegetative reproduction?

Answer 49

rhizome

Question 50

What are special stems that grow quickly along the surface of the ground?

Answer 50

stolons

Question 51

What are special stems that have a habit of climbing?

Answer 51

tendrils

Question 52

What is a bud-containing special stem that grows underground and stores food?

Answer 52

tuber

Question 53

What are long, sharp special stems that provide protection to a plant?

Answer 53

thorns

Question 54

What is the root system in which the primary root grown straight down and remains larger than the secondary roots that branch off from it penetrating the soil with relatively little branching?

Answer 54

taproot system

Question 55

What type of root system has no main section but spreads out with very thin roots, forming a tangled mess in shallow soil?

Answer 55

fibrous root system

Question 56

What is a protective layer that covers the outer part of a root?

Answer 56

epidermis

Question 57

What are finger-like projections of epidermal cells that increase the water-absorbing surface area of a plant root?

Answer 57

root hairs

Question 58

What is the root's food-storage region inside the epidermis?

Answer 58

root cortex

Question 59

What is surrounded by the root cortex and contains xylem and phloem tissues?

Answer 59

central vascular cylinder

Question 60

What is responsible for forming the epidermis, cortex, and the vascular cylinder?

Answer 60

apical meristem

Question 61

What is the region that causes cells to increase in length?

Answer 61

region of elongation

Question 61

What is the region closest to the end where cell division takes place?

Answer 61

merestimatic region

Question 62

What is the region in which cells organize in the vascular cylinder?

Answer 62

matuation region

Question 63

What is at the tip of a root and provides a covering for the delicate young root?

Answer 63

root cap

Question 63

What are roots that originate from the primary root and have the same structural characteristics?

Answer 63

lateral roots

Question 63

What is the process of mixing molecules of one substance through another by random molecular motion?

Answer 63

diffusion

Question 64

What is a thin covering of a cell?

Answer 64

membrane

Question 65

What is one-way diffusion through a semi-permeable membrane?

Answer 65

osmosis

Question 66

What is the upward flow of absorbed minerals though the xylem tubes?

Answer 66

sap stream

Question 67

What is the upward movement of liquids through a very narrow tube?

Answer 67

capillarity

Question 68

What is the chief force that draws water up the stem?

Answer 68

transpiration pull