Chapter 12 Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
What did people know about the time period they were living in during The Renaissance?
A
They knew that a rebirth was occurring- or at least a revival of classical learning and artistic expression.
2
Q
What were the 2 stages of The Renaissance?
A
The Italian Renaissance (1300s to the 1600s) and The Northern Renaissance (1450s to the 1600s)
3
Q
Why did The Renaissance happen in Italy?
A
Northern Italy had a marketing economy with banking and trade, it was a center of new wealth and ideas, it had an enlarged merchant class (literate + wealthy = literature.) There was also no single controlling authority in Italy.
4
Q
What were some economic factors of Italy being the center of The Renaissance?
A
The geographic position- it was the crossroads of trade. Commercial competition between its city states fueled innovation and the economy. Powerful merchants controlled politics, it was politically unstable, and very wealthy.
5
Q
What city was the center of banking?
A
Florence
6
Q
What was Florence the center of?
A
Banking
7
Q
What were some important centers of commerce during The Renaissance?
A
Venice, Genoa, and Pisa.
8
Q
When was the term “The Renaissance” first coined?
A
It was first used in print in 1550 by Italian Giorgio Vasari
9
Q
What family was the most important during the Renaissance?
A
The Medici Family
10
Q
Who was the Medici Family?
A
A wealthy family of bankers that rose to prominence during the “Golden Age” of Florence who were key sponsors of the arts.
11
Q
What family was the most important during the Renaissance?
A
The Medici Family
12
Q
Who was the Medici Family?
A
A wealthy family of bankers that rose to prominence during the “Golden Age” of Florence who were key sponsors of the arts.
13
Q
Who was the founder of the Medici family?
A
Giovanni de Medici (1360-1429)
14
Q
Who was Giovanni de Medic?
A
The founder of the Medici family, 1360-1429
15
Q
Who was known as “the elder” of the Medici family?
A
Cosmo de Medici (1434-1464)
16
Q
Who was Cosmo de Medici (1434-1464)?
A
“The Elder” of the Medici family
17
Q
Who was known as “The Magnificent?”
A
Lorenzo de Medici (1469-1492)
18
Q
Who was Lorenzo de Medici?
A
“The Magnificent”
19
Q
Who were Pope Leo X (1513-1521) and Pope Clement VII?
A
Popes and influential members of the Medici family
20
Q
What was going on in the Northern Europe during The Renaissance?
A
The Hundred Years’ War
21
Q
What did the city states’ governments do that allowed the Renaissance to take place?
A
Italian city states had systems of government that had slowed talent to rise in society- allowed freedom of ideas and expression.
22
Q
What are the 4 types of political systems that were common in Italian city states?
A
Comments, republics, oligarchies, and signori
23
Q
What is a commune? (Renaissance kind.)
A
Groups of free men (merchant guilds) free from feudal lords
24
Q
What is a republic? (when referring to the Renaissance)
A
The power resides with the people-popolo/middle class were excluded from the government and rose up to overthrow the city government and establish republics.
25
What does 'poplo' mean?
Middle class
26
What were oligarchies? (when referring to the Renaissance)
The power is held by an elite wealthy few- merchant aristocracies.
27
What were signories? (when referring to the Renaissance)
One man ruled (a despot.)
28
Why were the people in Italy inspired to create art during the Renaissance?
They were surrounded by Greek and Roman history. Statues, artwork, and writings were uncovered and it rekindled interest in the "golden age."
29
What types of history were the Italians surrounded by?
Greek and Roman
30
What are the 4 "-isms"?
Humanism, individualism, secularism, and naturalism.
31
Who coined the term "Humanism"?
Frencisco Petrarch
32
What did Frencisco Petrarch (1304-1374) do?
He coined the term humanism and spent hours reading Roman texts and conducting research. He invited others to study his collection of ancient texts. He helped develop a new way of learning and artistic expression.
33
Which one of the 'isms' was a key feature in the Renaissance?
Humanism
34
Describe humanism in as much detail as possible.
One of the '-isms.' An intellectual movement involving the humanities with an emphasis on education and literacy. They studied Greek and Latin classics to reveal human nature. Virtú caused people to reach for perfection and shape their own destinies. Civic humanism. Caused new learning.
35
What was Virtú and what was it a part of?
Virtú caused people to reach for perfection and shape their own destinies. It was a part of and caused by humanism.
36
What are the humanities?
Grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry, and moral philosophy.
37
What was "new learning?"
The humanities created 'new learning'- the learning of liberal arts and secular stuff.
38
What caused the study of Greek and Latin classics to reveal human nature?
Humanism
39
What '-ism' put an emphasis on education and literacy?
Humanism
40
What was 'civic humanism'?
The thought that the engagement in politics is noble and necessary.
41
What was individualism?
The thought that man is the measure of all things.
42
What did individualism stress?
That personality, genius, uniqueness, and the fullest development of capabilities and talents.
43
Describe individualism in as much detail as possible.
"Man is the measure of all things." Individualism stressed that personality, genius, uniqueness, and the fullest development of capabilities and talents. Thirst for fame, a driving ambition a burning desire for success + drove such people to the complete achievement of their potential. The quest for glory and personal achievement was a central component of Renaissance individualism.
44
What did individualism cause?
The thirst for fame, a driving ambition a burning desire for success + drove such people to the complete achievement of their potential.
45
What was a central component of Renaissance individualism?
The quest for glory and personal achievement was a central component of Renaissance individualism.
46
What was secularism?
The desire for worldly pleasures- a concern for the earthy world + human achievements, not so much for the eternal world.
47
Describe individualism in as much detail as possible.
The desire for worldly pleasures- a concern for the earthy world + human achievements, not so much for the eternal world. "Secularism involves a basic concern with the material world instead of the eternal + spiritual interests." Trade = money. Money = material pleasure = more comfortable life = more leisure time.
48
Describe how trade influenced individualism.
Trade = money. Money = material pleasure = more comfortable life = more leisure time.
49
What was naturalism?
The depiction of objects in their natural setting.
50
Describe naturalism in the most detail possible.
The depiction of objects in their natural setting. Artworks seek to capture the real world rather than making things seem better than they really are. Focus on science, nature, and human anatomy.
51
How did naturalism influence art during the Renaissance?
Artworks seek to capture the real world rather than making things seem better than they really are. Focus on science, nature, and human anatomy.
52
What did naturalism focus on?
Science, nature, and human anatomy (esp. in art.)
53
What was the main difference between artwork in the Middle Ages and during the Renaissance?
In the Middle Ages, things were depicted as better than they really were. In the Renaissance, artworks seek to capture the real world/ the way God made it.
54
*Who was Machiavelli?
A historian, diplomat, writer, humanist, and philosopher who lived from 1429 to 1527. He was born at a time when there was a continual struggle for power between city states and the church. He was a long life citizen of the city-state Florence. He was considered the founder of modern political science and created the groundbreaking work "The Prince."
55
At what age was Machiavelli elected to office and a where was he sent to as a diplomat?
At the age of 29, he was elected to office and as a diplomat, he was sent to the courts of Spain, France, Germany, and other Italian City states.
56
What year did the Medici family take control of Florence and what did they do?
In August of 1512 the Medici family took control of Florence and dissolved the republic.
57
Why was Machiavelli put in exile?
The Medici family came to power. They arrested and tortured Machiavelli, but eventually set him free and into exile.
58
What did Machiavelli do while in exile?
He wrote "The Prince."
59
Why was "The Prince" important?
It addresses the concept of the "new prince", rather than a hereditary prince, who must stabilize his power as well as building political structure. It was seen as the break between political idealism (Plato, Aristotle) and political realism. It was written as a guide book for being a cunning, sometimes ruthless leader, written in vernacular (Italian, not Latin.)
60
Why was "The Prince" written?
It was written as a guide book for being a cunning, sometimes ruthless leader, written in vernacular (Italian, not Latin.)
61
What was seen as the break between the political idealism of Plato and Aristotle and political realism?
"The Prince"
62
What is empiricism?
The gaining of knowledge through sensory experiences, not ideals
63
What is realism?
Nations, rulers, and people pursue their self interests
64
What was "The Prince" the beginnings of?
It was the beginning of empiricism and realism
65
What did "The Prince" say?
That it's natural to be ambitious and seek glory, that leaders shouldn't be religious but should encourage their people to be, and that the end justifies the means.
66
What does Machiavellian mean?
It's a term used to describe those who manipulate others for their own political advantage
67
Who did "The Prince" influence?
Everyone from Stalin to John Adams
68
When did the Renaissance gradually spread Northward?
In the late 15th and 16th centuries
69
How did the Renaissance spread northward?
Wealthy patrons in France, Flanders, Netherlands, and England began importing Italian Renaissance art and culture.
70
How did the government differ between Italy and Northern Europe during their Renaissances?
Most of Northern Europe was developing into nations with powerful individual rulers, and Italy was a collection of city-states with no dominant ruler to unify everyone
71
What were the main historical differences between Italy and Northern Europe?
Italy was influenced by the rise of humanists and the rebirth of classical antiquity, and Northern Europe didn't have that history to look back on
72
What were the main differences between the attitudes about religion in Italy and Northern Europe?
The Northern Renaissance wasn't as secular- they believed that social reform could happen with renewed focus on Christianity
73
What was a catalyst of the Northern Renaissance?
More universities were established and the printing helped spread Renaissance ideas in the north.
74
Who introduced the printing press to Europe and when?
In 1450, Johannes Gutenberg introduced the printing press to Europe.
75
What helped fuel the Renaissance?
Books were printed in vernacular to meet the high demand of the people
76
What was the attitude about the church in the North during the Northern Renaissance?
That one can reform and improve society through reason and Christian education
77
What laid the foundation for the impending Protestant Reformation?
The criticism of the Church during the Northern Renaissance laid the foundation for the Protestant Reformation.
78
What is Christian Humanism?
The thought that the spiritual life of people can be improved while reforming the Church. That classical antiquity (logic/reason) can be combined with Christian values and classical humanist principles. It's a deliberate union between Christian values and classical humanist principles.
79
Who was Sir Thomas More?
He lived from 1478-1535 and wrote "Utopia" in 1516.
80
What was "Utopia" by Sir Thomas More about?
It's about an ideal community on an imaginary island. It protested abuses of contemporary society.
81
What does "utopia" mean?
Nowhere
82
Who was Desiderius Erasmus?
A Dutch man who lived from 1466-1536 and wrote "In Praise of Folly." He paved the path for people like Martin Luther.
83
What did Desiderius Erasmus believe?
That education is the key to reform.
84
What was "In Praise of Folly" about?
It criticizes The Church through satire and says that education is the key to reform.
85
What were the different approaches to humanism in the North and Italy?
The Italian approach was to speak to and for the upper class elites. The Northern approach was to speak out against the evils of society and the need for reform.
86
What demonstrated a clear difference between the Italian and Northern Renaissances?
The works of Sir Thomas More and Erasmus demonstrate a clear difference between the Italian and Northern Renaissance
87
Who was Jan Van Eyck?
A Flemish artist who lived from 1385-1441. Part of the Northern Renaissance. Mostly painted oil on canvas and most of his works are displayed in the National Gallery in London.
88
What were some of Jan Van Eyck's most famous works?
The Arnolfini Portrait and The Annunciation (both 1434).
89
Who was Albrecht Dürer?
A German Northern Reniassance painter, woodcutter, and mathematician who lived from 1471-1528.
90
What were some of Albrecht Dürer's most famous works?
Self Portrait (1500) and The Last Supper (woodcut).
91
Who was Peter Bruegel?
One of the greatest artistic geniuses of his time who lived from 1525-1569. He worked in Antwerp and then moved to Brussels, and was in touch with a circle of Erasmian humanists.
92
Who was in touch with a circle of Erasmian humanists?
Pieter Bruegel
93
What was Pieter Bruegel known for?
The fact that he was deeply concerned with human vice and follies. He was a master of landscape, not portraits, and many of his works focus on peasants and normal everyday life.
94
When did Europe begin to see a shift from feudalism to more unified national monarchies?
After the High Renaissance (~>1450)
95
What were the earliest representative assemblies of France and England?
England had the Parliament and France had The Estates General.
96
Who was the king of France during the 100 years' war?
Charles VII
97
What did Louis XI do?
He made France a great power. He had the final defeat of England and the elimination of Burgundy. He doubled the size of France and expanded trade + industry.
98
Who were Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon?
Catholic monarchies who solidified Spain's ties with The Church and married in 1469
99
What was the Reconquista on the Iberian Peninsula?
Isabella and Ferdinand ordered the expulsion of Muslim Moors, who had been in the area since 712
100
Who were conversos?
Jews who converted to Christianity.
101
What did Isabella and Ferdinand fear? What did this cause them to do?
That the conversos weren't loyal Christians so they forced them to leave and killed them.
102
What was the biggest event of the Reconquista?
They recaptured the Alhambra Palace in Granada in 1492
103
When did the Inquisition begin?
In 1480
104
Who led The Inquisition?
Tomas Torquemada, a Spanish friar
105
What happened during The Inquisition?
There were forced conversions of Jews and Muslims and they tortured and "tried" them.
106
When did the War of Roses happen?
1455-1485
107
What was the War of the Roses?
The civil war between houses of York (white) and Lancaster (red).
108
What happened during the War of the Roses?
Richard III seizes throne and murders the prince. Henry defeats Richard at Bosworth Field in 1485 and is crowned Henry VII. He later married Elizabeth York, which helps the two families make amends.
109
What happened after the War of the Roses?
The House of Tudor ruled England until 1603, when Queen Elizabeth I died without an heir to the throne.
