Chapter 13 Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
Why did Italy lose importance? What effect did this have?
A
Italy begin to lose trade and didn’t have any exploration going on. This caused the power to shift from Southern Europe to Northern Europe.
2
Q
Why did Spain’s economy collapse? What effect did this have?
A
Because they brought too much silver in from the New World and inflated their economy. This caused the power to shift from Southern Europe to Northern Europe.
3
Q
What were some of the reasons why the reputation of The Church began to erode?
A
Popes/ Clergy were gathering bastard children + sinning all the time and they began taking advantage of the people by selling indulgences to finance church projects.
4
Q
What were indulgences?
A
A certificate that shortened the punishment for sin/ allowed people to be relieved from Purgatory and receive forgiveness.
5
Q
Who was Martin Luther?
A
A Catholic monk who was a theologian at the University of Wittenberg (Germany) who was upset about corruption in the church (especially indulgences.)
6
Q
What was Martin Luther particularly upset about?
A
Indulgences
7
Q
Who sold indulgences around Wittenberg?
A
In 1517 Johann Tetzel, a Dominican friar, began selling indulgences around Wittenberg.
8
Q
What did Tetzel use his profit from selling indulgences for?
A
Construction on St.Peter’s Church
9
Q
What happened to Tetzel?
A
He was banned from the territory by the Elector (prince) of Saxony.
10
Q
Who was banned from the territory by the Elector (prince) of Saxony?
A
Johann Tetzel (the dude selling indulgences around Wittenberg.)
11
Q
What troubled Luther?
A
The possibility of achieving salvation.
12
Q
Who was troubled by the possibility of achieving salvation?
A
Luther
13
Q
What passage did Luther find to defend his argument about salvation?
A
While reading St.Augustine, he found a passage from St.Paul that said, “The just shall live by faith.”
14
Q
What passage did Luther draw his conclusion about salvation from?
A
A book by St.Augustine containing a passage from St.Paul that said, “The just shall live by faith.”
15
Q
What was Luther’s conclusion that he drew from St.Paul’s passage?
A
That salvation could be achieved only through faith in the goodness and mercy of Christ. That performing good works, participating in ecclesiastical rituals, and receiving the sacraments wouldn’t be enough.
16
Q
When was a copy of The 95 Theses posted on a door of a church?
A
October 31, 1517
17
Q
What happened on October 31st, 1517?
A
A copy of The 95 Theses posted on a door of a church.
18
Q
What was The 95 Theses?
A
A list of complaints against the church
19
Q
What was a list of complaints against the church?
A
The 95 Theses
20
Q
What did Luther protest?
A
Church policies such as celibacy for the clergy, monasticism, and the authority of the Pope.
21
Q
Who protested Church policies such as celibacy for the clergy, monasticism, and the authority of the Pope?
A
Martin Luther
22
Q
Who was Johannes Eck?
A
A noted theologian from Leipzig that challenged Martin Luther to a debate and got roasted
23
Q
When did Luther debate Eck?
A
In 1519
24
Q
Who acknowledged that his views were similar to those of the condemned heretic Jan Hus?
A
Martin Luther
25
Who did Martin Luther compare his views to?
Jan Hus
26
Who issued the papal bull outlining the errors in the 95 Theses?
Pope Leo X
27
What was issued in 1520?
A papal bull outlining the errors in the 95 Theses
28
What outlined the errors in the 95 Theses?
The papal bull of 1520
29
Who threatened Luther with a document of excommunication and what did Luther do?
The Pope threatened Luther with a document of excommunication and Luther publicly burnt the document
30
How did the Pope respond to the 95 Theses?
The Pope issued a papal bull outlining the errors in the 95 Theses, and threatened Luther with a document of excommunication. Luther responded by publicly burning the document.
31
What was the Diet?
An assembly of the entire empire at the City of Worms
32
When did the Diet of Worms happen?
1521
33
Who ordered Luther to appear before the Diet?
Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire.
34
Who said "Here I stand. I cannot do otherwise"?
Martin Luther in response to the order to recant
35
How did Luther respond to the Diet's order to him to recant?
He said, "Here I stand. I cannot do otherwise."
36
When did Luther flee Worms?
Before a decision was made
37
What did Luther do after refusing to recant?
He fled Worms
38
Who declared Luther an outlaw?
Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire
39
What was Luther declared after he fled Worms?
An outlaw
40
What did Charles do after he declared Luther an outlaw?
He excommunicated him and threatened him with death
41
Who granted Luther refuge and where?
Prince Fredrick of Saxony granted Luther refuge at Wartberg Castle
42
What did Luther do while in hiding?
He translated the New Testament into German
43
What did Luther transalte?
The New Testament
44
What language did Luther translate the New Testament into?
German
45
Where was Guttenberg from?
Mainz, Germany.
46
How far away was Mainz from Wittenberg?
230 miles
47
Why did the people buy in to Luther and his ideas?
They were tired of paying taxes to the Pope and angry at wealthy landowners.
48
What did kings believe?
That the church holds too much political and social control and that the church should handle spiritual matters only.
49
Why did Electors of the HRE begin to accept Luther's ideas?
They were tired of sending tax revenue to Rome
50
What caused the power to shift from Southern Europe to Northern Europe?
Italy's loss of importance due to loss of trade and lack of exploration and Spain's economy collapses due to inflation from silver from the New World.
51
Who was Ulrich Zwingli?
He introduced the reformation to Switerzerland
52
What did Zwingli believe?
He was against clerical celibacy, indulgences, and sacraments. He also believed in the authority of the bible, not the Pope
53
Who introduced the reformation to Switzerland?
Ulrich Zwingli
54
Where did Zwingli introduce the reformation to?
He introduced the reformation to Switzerland
55
What was the status of the Holy Roman Empire like during the reformation?
It was politically fractured- more like a confederation than a unified kingdom.
56
Who competed for power in the HRE?
Princes (electors) competed for power in the HRE
57
How did elections work in the HRE?
Electors selected all the emperors of the HRE, who were then crowned by the Pope.
58
When was Charles V (Habsburg) elected?
He was elected 2 years after The 95 Theses
59
Who was the most powerful family in Europe by the late 15th century?
The Habsburgs (mostly through strategic marriages) became the most powerful family in Europe
60
Who became the most powerful monarch in Europe in the late 15th century?
Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire
61
What was Charles V's religion?
He was a staunch Catholic
62
What did Charles V believe would unify his territory?
He believed that religious unity would unify his territory
63
What did the Princes believe about Protestantism?
That they could gain autonomy, land, and wealth by adopting Protestantism
64
What led to conflict within the HRE?
Charles V was a staunch Catholic and the princes wanted to adopt Protestantism
65
Why did the princes support Protestantism?
Some princes supported Protestantism out of sincere religious conviction, others out of a desire for power, and some both
66
How did religions begin to work in Switzerland?
Cantons (states) could determine their religion and had to cut outside ties/ alliances (neutrality)
67
What ended up happening to Zwingli?
He died in the fighting
68
When did protesting princes issue the Augsburg confession?
At the Imperial Diet of Augsburg (1530)
69
What happened at the Peace of Augsburg (1555)?
Charles agreed to allow the princes to decide the religion of their territory, giving legal status to Lutheranism in the HRE
70
What was the Augsburg confession?
A statement of the Protestant ideology that the princes issued at the Imperial Diet of Augsburg
71
What were the basic tenants of Protestantism that were set forth in the Confession of Augsburg?
Salvation is derived through faith alone; religious authority rests with the bible, not the pope; the church consists of the entire community of believers with no hierarchy; and everyone should serve God in his own individual vocotion
72
What social classes supported Luther?
All of dem
73
What did Peasants use Luther's ideas to do?
They cited his theology in demands for social and economic beliefs
74
What did Luther believe about marriages and women?
He stressed the idea of Christian marriage and education for girls, though e claimed that women should be no more than efficient wives
75
What did the spread of Protestantism throughout Europe cause?
Riots, civil wars, and religious conflicts
76
Who was a French theologian teaching in Switzerland?
John Calvin
77
Who was John Calvin?
A French theologian teaching in Geneva, Switzerland.
78
Who believed in predestination?
John Calvin
79
Who disagreed with Luther on salvation?
John Calvin
80
What were John Calvin's beliefs?
That predestination is a thing and he emphasized
81
Who was John Knox?
He introduced Calvinism theology to Scotland
82
Who introduced Calvinism to Scotland?
John Knox
83
What did Calvinism in Scotland become known as?
Presbyterianism
84
What is Scotland's official religion?
Scotland's parliament made Presbyterianism its official religion
85
When did Calvinism spread to France and England?
The mid 1500s
86
What were French Calvinists called?
Huguenots
87
What did anabaptists reject?
Infant baptism
88
What were the beliefs of anabaptists?
They rejected infant baptism and believed that only true Christians were baptized as adults. They supported the separation of Church and State.
89
Who persecuted anabaptists?
Protestants and Catholics
90
When did Henry VIII become King of England?
1509
91
What was Henry VIII's religion?
He was originally loyal to the Catholic Church, but he would soon have a major disagreement with church policy.
92
Who was the fat king?
Henry VIII
93
What tested Henry VIII's loyalty to the Catholic Church?
His need for a son to pass on the royal title
94
Who was Henry VIII's brother's widow, and at one point Henry VIII's wife?
Catherine of Aragon
95
What was Henry's argument to the Church to divorce Catherine of Aragon?
That she was originally married to his brother so their marriage was never legit
96
What were the 6 wives of Henry VIII and their fates?
Catherine of Aragon, divorced; Anne Boleyn, executed for treason; Jane Seymor, died; Anne of Cleve's, divorced; Kathryn Howard, executed; Katherine Parr, widowed.
97
Who was Catherine of Aragon's daughter? What was their religion?
Bloody Mary, Catholic
98
Who was Anne Boleyn, who was her daughter, and what was their religion?
Elizabeth I, Protestant
99
Who was Jane Seymor's son?
Edward VI
100
Who was the Pope that Henry asked for a divorce?
Pope Clement VII
101
Who was Catherine of Aragon's nephew?
Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire
102
What did Henry do in order to get a divorce?
Her ordered Parilament to write a law that said that the king, not he Pope, was the head of the Church in England. The Anglican Church was created as the official Church of England.
103
What were the 2 parliamentary acts that King Henry made?
1- The Act in Restraint of Appeals said that the King is the highest power in England. 2- Supremacy Act of 1534 said that the king is the head of the Church in England. The pope no longer had religious authority in England.
104
What conflicts happened in England during the Reformation?
Protests and riots broke out and many executions occurred
105
Who was executed in England during the Reformation?
Thomas More, the author of Utopia, refused to take the oaths that the Supremacy Act required. He was executed on July 6th, 1535, for treason.
106
Under what charge was Thomas More executed?
Treason
107
Who confiscated church land?
Henry VIII
108
What did seizing church property do for England?
It increased wealth in England
109
What did Henry VIII do to help the change from Catholicism to Anglicanism?
He ordered English Bibles to be placed in all churches.
110
What is the Anglican Church called in the US?
Episcopalians
111
What did Edward do to help the reformation after his father died?
He put the Book of Common Prayer (1549) in churches and it was used as a standardized book of prayer.
112
What religion were the Irish and why?
The Irish were Catholic because they hated the English and wanted to do what they weren't doing.
113
How long did the conflict between Ireland and England last and why?
The Catholic and Protestant divisions have lasted for over 500 years.
114
Who did Bloody Mary marry?
Philip of Spain (a Habsburg) were married in 1554.
115
What did Bloody Mary do as a result of her religion?
She attempted to undo the Protestant reforms of her father and brother- hundreds of Protestants were executed.
116
When did Bloody Mary die and who replaced her?
Mary died in 1558 and was replaced by Queen Elizabeth I who moved England back to Protestantism.
117
What did Philip do after Mary's death?
He proposed to Elizabeth
118
What was Philip doing to the Dutch at the time of his proposal to Elizabeth?
He was trying to force Catholicism on the Dutch but they rebelled.
119
Who tried to force Catholicism on the Dutch?
Philip (Bloody Mary's husband)
120
Who was executed for allegedly plotting against Queen Elizabeth?
Mary Queen of Scots
121
What was Mary Queen of Scots executed for?
Allegedly plotting against Queen Elizabeth.
122
Whose support did Philip have against England?
The Pope urged Philip to invade England
123
Who urged Philip to invade England?
The Pope
124
What happened towards the beginning of the Anglo-Spanish war?
Philip sent the Spanish Armada to invade England in 1588 and a storm destroyed the Spanish fleet.
125
What was one of the major religious wars in France? What families were involved?
The Catholics vs Huguenots (Calvinists). A civil war was brewing between the House of Guise (Catholic) and the House of Bourbon (Huguenots.)
126
Who were the people getting married the night of St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre? Where were they married?
Catholic princess Margaret married a Protestant named Henry III at the Notre Dame Cathedral.
127
Who was Catherine de Medici? What did she fear?
The mother of Margaret (the princess getting married the day of St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.) She feared the growth of Protestantism in France, especially Paris. She organized the massacre.
128
Who became King of France after St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre?
Henry III, since he married Margaret (a French princess)
129
How did Henry III (king of France) calm unrest in his country?
He converted to Catholicism and passed the Edict of Nantes
130
What did the Edict of Nantes allow?
It allowed limited Protestantism in France (but not in Paris) and more civil rights.
131
What did Henry III attempt to do?
He attempted civil unity and secularism.
132
What was the big question of the Counter Reformation?
Should we [the Catholic Church] crack down or lighten up?
133
Who called the Council of Trent in 1545?
Pope Paul III
134
What was the Council of Trent called for?
It was called to address the internal problems of the Church
135
What was the Church's response to Protestantism?
They cleaned up some corruption, clarified the Church doctrine, and tried to move away from superstitious beliefs and began to focus on sacraments.
136
Who founded the Jesuits and when?
It was founded in 1540 by a former knight, Ignatius of Loyola
137
What did the Jesuits do for the Catholic Church?
They began to spread the news of the Counter Reformation through missionary work, promoting education, and converting others to the Catholic faith.
138
What was the Ursulines?
A new order of nuns
139
Who were the Jesuits?
A new order of priests
140
What did the Ursulines do?
They gained prestige for the education of women
141
How far did the influence of the Ursulines spread?
To France and even North America
142
What was the main effect of the Reformation?
Western Europe, once unified by common faith, was now bitterly divided.
143
What part of Europe that was once unified by common faith became bitterly divided after the Reformation?
Western Europe
144
What consumed Europe after the Reformation?
Religious warfare and it set off waves of immigration
145
What did the Reformation effect that pertains to us?
It will have tremendous effects on Early American History
