Very general midterm review Flashcards

(71 cards)

1
Q

What led to the disasters of the Middle Ages?

A

Poor harvests and famines. Less calories meant people were more susceptible to disease and less energy for growing food. Diseases killed many people and animals. Economies slowed down and population growth halted. Weak governments couldn’t deal with these problems, so starving people turned against the rich and Jews. English kings tried to regulate the food supply, but failed

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2
Q

When did the Black Death enter Europe?

A

1347 on ships from rats

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3
Q

What were the social and cultural consequences of the Black Death?

A

Priests, monks, and nuns cared for the sick, and as the clergy were killed off even women performed the services of priests.
In towns the plague meant population decline, which meant a huge labor shortage and high inflation.
Wages increased and so did labor productivity.
The demand for slaves increased.
The psychological impacts of the plague were huge- pessimism, gross sensuality, religious fervor, and flagellantism. Society became divided and full of fear, and creatives became obsessed with death.

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4
Q

What were the causes of the Hundred Years’ War?

A

Edward III of England claimed the French crown. Many people supported him, but both countries used the war as an excuse to avoid domestic problems. It was a very glorified war and the battles took place in France.

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5
Q

What happened during the Hundred Years’ War?

A

The longbow and the cannon helped the English. Joan of Arc helped France win the war by helping lift the English siege of Orleans. Joan was eventually turned over to the English and burned as a heretic in 1431.

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6
Q

What were the consequences of the Hundred Years’ War?

A
  • The war meant economic and population decline in both France and England. -Taxes on wool to finance the war in England meant a slowdown in the English wool trade.
  • In England, the returning soldiers caused social problems.
  • The war encourage the growth of parliamentary government, especially England.
  • Encouraged nationalistic feelings in France and England.
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7
Q

What happened when there were two popes?

A

The Babylonian Captivity was a thing from 1309 to 1377 and then once Pope Gregory XI brought the papacy back to Rome the dude after him, Urban VI, alienated the church hierarchy. A new Pope, Clement VII, was elected, and both popes claimed to be legit.

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8
Q

What happened during the Great Schism? (1378-1417)

A

England and Germany recognized Urban VI, while France and others recognized the antipope, Clement VII. The schism brought the church into disrepute and wakened the religious faith of many.

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9
Q

What did conciliarists believe?

A

That church authority rested in the councils representing the people, not the authority of the pope.

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10
Q

What did John Wycliffe do?

A

He attacked papal authority and called for even more radical reform of the church. He believed that everyone should read the bible, which caused the first English translation of the Bible to be created. His followers were called Lollards

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11
Q

Who was John Hus?

A

One of John Wycliffe’s followers/ lollards who spread his ideas to Bohemia.

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12
Q

What happened in the Renaissance?

A

Humanism and individualism were hallmarks. Art was a very important part of it, and wealthy people began spending their money on it.

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13
Q

What was the social change during the Renaissance?

A

Education and political thought changed.

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14
Q

What helped the revolution spread throughout Europe?

A

The invention of moveable type in 1455. Printing caused the spread of literacy and encouraged a wider common identity.

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15
Q

How did the status of women change during the Renaissance?

A

Most women married and were responsable for domestic affairs. They frequently worked outside the home in ship building, textiles, agriculture, etc. The status of upper-class women declined. Women were still expected to use their education only to run a household, not to do anything else.

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16
Q

What did slavery have to do with the Renaissance?

A

Enslavement of Slavic people in Eastern Europe was common and Germans and others commonly bought and sold Polish and Bohemian people. Starting in the 15th century, black slaves were brought into Europe in large numbers. The European attitude towards Africans was ambivalent. In the Renaissance, blacks were displayed as signs of wealth because they were “exotic.”

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17
Q

What was the main differences between northern and southern art?

A

Northern art was more religious than Italy and less influenced by classical themes and motifs.

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18
Q

How did politics change during the Renaissance?

A

15th century rulers began the process of order through the centralization of power. The result was the rise of many powerful and ruthless rulers interested in the centralization of power and the elimination of disorder and violence.

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19
Q

Which rulers in the 15th century began to act according to Machiavelli’s principles?

A

Louis XI of France, Henry VII of England, and Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain. These monarchs invested kingship with a strong sense of royal authority and national purpose.

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20
Q

What was France like after the Hundred Years’ War?

A

Charles VII ushered in an age of recovery and ended civil war. He expelled the English, reorganized the royal council, strengthened royal finances, reformed the justice system and remodeled the army. He mad e the church subject to the state. Louis XI expanded the foundations of later French absolutism.

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21
Q

What was England like after the Hundred Years’ War?

A

Feudal lords controlled the royal council and Parliament in the 15th century. England IV and his followers began to restore power and peace to the country. The Parliament had become a power center for the aristocracy but was manipulated by Henry VII into becoming a tool for the King. Henry VII and his successors won the support of the upper middle class supporting their interest in money, trade, and stability.

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22
Q

When was the Wars of Roses and what happened during it?

A

It took place from 1455-1471 and after the Hundred Years’ War. The houses of York and Lancaster fought a civil war in England called the Wars of the Roses. It hurt trade, agriculture, and domestic industry.

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23
Q

What was going on in Spain in the 1400s + the 1500s with the reconquista?

A

The reconquista was a centuries long attempt to unite Spain and expel Muslims and Jews. The marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella was the last major step in the unification and Christianization of Spain.

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24
Q

What damaged the Church’s prestige in the 1400s-1517?

A
  • The Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism.

- Secular humanists satirized and denounced moral corruption within the church.

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25
What were some signs of disorder in the Church in the early 1500s?
Clerical immorality; the lack of education of the clergy and law standards of ordination; the absenteeism, pluralism (holding several offices), and wealth of the greater clergy.
26
What was Luther's 95 Theses?
Luther's opposition to indulgences led him to write the 95 Theses, which raised lots of debate in Europe. Luther was later excommunicated by Charles V at Worms in 1521.
27
What did Ulrich Zwingli do?
He introduced the reformation to Switzerland. He believed in the supremacy of Scripture, and was opposed to indulgences, the Mass, monasticism, and clerical celibacy.
28
What happened at the Confession of Augsburg?
The basic theological tenents of Protestantism were set forth in the Confession of Augsburg, in which Luther provided new answers to 4 basic theological issues: Where salvation comes from, where religious authority is, what the church consists of, and how people should serve god.
29
What were the social impacts of Luther's beliefs?
His ideas had a vast following among all social classes because of widespread resentment of clerical privileges and wealth. His ideas attracted many preachers, which became Protestant leaders. Peasants cited his theology as part of their demands for social and economic reforms.
30
What was Luther's greatest weapon? Who did he influence?
His mastery of the language, and his words were spread by the advent of printing. He influenced Zwingli and Calvin greatly.
31
How did Luther feel about the Peasants and their support?
The peasants cited Luther's theology as part of their demands for social and economic reforms. Peasant complaints about landlord seizure of village land and over crop failure led to revolts, which Luther initially supported. In the end, Luther did not support the peasants' revolts; he believed in obedience to civil authority. Widespread peasant revolts in 1525 were brutally crushed, but some land was restored to common use.
32
What was Luther's impact on women?
Luther gave dignity to domestic work, stressed the idea of marriage and the Christian home, ended confession, and encouraged education for girls. Luther held enlightened views on sex and marriage, although he claimed that women should be no more than efficient wives.
33
When was the rise of the Habsburg dynasty?
The Habsburgs gave unity to much of Europe, especially with the marriage of Maximillian I of Austria and Mary of Burgundy in 1477. Charles V, their grandson, inherited much of Europe and was commuted to the idea of its religious and political unity.
34
What was the political impact of Luther's beliefs?
The Protestant Reformation stirred nationalistic feelings in Germany against the wealthy Italian papacy. Luther's appeal to patriotism earned him the support of the princes, who used religion as a means of gaining more political independence and preventing the flow of German money to Rome. It also was detrimental to Germany.
35
What was the impact of Luther's beliefs in Germany?
It prevented the flow of German money to Rome. The Protestant movement proved to be a political disaster for Germany. The dynastic Habsburg-Valois wars advanced the cause of Protestantism and promoted the political fragmentation of Germany. By the Peace of Augsburg of 1555, Charles recognized Lutheranism as a legal religion and each prince was permitted to determine the religion of territory.
36
What was Calvinism?
Te belief that God selects certain people to do his work and that he was selected to reform the Church. He believed in the omnipotence of God, the insignificance of humanity, and predestination. Under John Calvin, Geneva became intertwined with the church and was very influential.
37
What was Anabaptis?
The belief in adult baptism, revelation, religious tolerance, pacifism, and the separation of church and state. However, they were bitterly persecuted.
38
What happened during the English reformation?
- Lollards were driven under ground but still survived. - English humanist William Tyndall began printing an English version of the New testament. - The pope refused to annul King Henry's marriage to Catherine, so Henry made his own church.
39
What were the results of the English reformation?
- The Anglican church - Dissolved monasteries and confiscated their lands. - Nationalization caused changes in government administration, resulting in greater efficiency and economy.
40
Who brought Calvinism to Scotland?
John Knox brought it from Geneva.
41
What happened at the Council of Trent?
Pope Paul III called the Council of Trent (1545-1563). An attempt to reconcile with Protestants failed. International politics hindered the theological debates. However, considerable reform had begun.
42
What internal changes took place in the Church because of the Council of Trent?
Tridentine decrees forbade the sale of indulgences and outlawed pluralism and simony. Attempts were made to curb clerical immorality and to encourage education. Great emphasis was placed on preaching.
43
What did the Ursuline order of Nuns do?
Sought to rechristianize society by training future wives and mothers. They spread to France and North America.
44
What id the Society of Jesus do?
Obedience was the foundation of Jesuit tradition. Resisted Protestantism. With their schools, political influence, and missionary work, they brought many people into the catholic fold.
45
What was the Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office?
This group, established by Pope Paul III in 1542, carried out the Roman Inquisition as a way to combat heresy. It had the power to arrest, imprison, and execute, but its influence was confined to papal territories.
46
Wat did the scientific revolution of the 17th century do?
It was a major cause of the change in worldview and one of the key developments in the evolution of Western society.
47
What was the Copernicus's hypothesis?
Copernicus was a Polish clergyman and astronomer who claimed that the earth revolved around the sun and that the sun was the center of the universe. This heliocentric theory was a departure from medieval thought and created doubts about traditional Christianity.
48
What did Brahe and Kepler do?
- Brahe built an observatory and collected data. - His assistant, Kepler, formulated three laws of planetary motion that proved that precise relationships among planets in a sun centered universe.
49
What did Galileo do?
- Galileo discovered the laws of motion using the experimental method. - He applied the experimental method to astronomy using the newly invented telescope. - Galileo was tried by the Inquisition for heresy in 1633 and forced to recant his views.
50
What did Newton do?
In his book Principia (1687), he integrated the astronomy of Copernicus and Kepler with the physics of Galileo. He formulated a set of mathematical laws to explain motion and mechanics. They key feature in his synthesis was the law of universal gravitation.
51
What were the causes of the Scientific Revolution?
- The scientific revolution was the product of individual geniuses building on the world of Copernicus and others. - Medieval universities. - The Renaissance stimulated science by rediscovering ancient math. - Navigational problems of sea voyages. - Better ways of obtaining knowledge about the world.
52
How did the churches feel about science?
After 1630, the Catholic Church discouraged science while Protestantism encouraged it.
53
What were some consequences of the scientific revolution?
- A scientific community emerged whose primary goal was the expansion of knowledge. - A modern scientific method arose that was both theoretical and experimental and refused to base its conclusions on tradition and established sources. - Bc the link between pure science and applied technology was weak, the scientific revolution had little effect on daily life before the 1800s.
54
What were the 3 main ideas of The Enlightenment?
- Natural science and reason can explain all aspects of life. - The scientific method can explain the laws of human society. - Progress- the creation of better societies and people is possible.
55
What was The Enlightenment?
The Enlightenment was an intellectual and cultural movement that tied together certain key ideas and was the ink between the scientific revolution and a new worldview.
56
What did John Locke say?
He insisted that all ideas are derived from experience and that the human mind at birth is like a blank tablet (tabula rasa)
57
What did the philosophies do?
The philosophies brought Enlightenment ideas to the ignorant people and brought the Enlightenment to its highest stage of development in France.
58
Why was France the center of The Enlightenment?
- The French language was the international language of the educated classes of Europe, and France was Europe's wealthiest state. - Intellectual freedom was possible and France, in contrast to eastern Europe. - The philosophies were committed to bringing new thinking to the public (but not necessarily the masses.)
59
What did Voltaire do?
- He challenged traditional Catholic theology and exhibited a characteristic philosophie belief in deism. - He opposed legal injustice and unequal treatment before the law. - He was influenced by his longtime companion, Madame du Chatelet who was a scientist. - He was skeptical of social and economic equality; he hated religious intolerance.
60
What did the Enlightenment do for urban culture?
- The cultural transformation brought on by the Enlightenment was related to a growth in the market for books. - Most of the new buyers came from the middle classes and up; a tenfold increase in books resulted. - Publishing in the fields of art and science grew the most, and most books came from the Netherlands and Switzerland. - All this resulted in a new emphasis on individual and private reading.
61
What roles did women play in the Enlightenment?
- New ideas about women's rights were spread in salons of upper class women. - The salons were often presided over by women. - Madame Geoffrin's salon was famous; she was the unofficial godmother of the Encyclopedia. - These salons seemed to have functioned as informal "schools" for women.
62
What role did the philosophies have to do with absolutism?
- The philosophies believed that a benevolent absolutism offered the best chance for improving society. - The rulers seemed to seek the philosophies advice. - The philosophies distrusted the masses and believed that change had to come from above.
63
Where were the most influential new style monarchs?
Prussia, Russia, and Austria.
64
What did Frederick the Great of Prussia do?
- Frederick II used the War of Austrian Succession to expand Prussia into a great power by seizing Silesia. - The Seven Years' War saw a attempt by Maria Theresa, with the help of France and Russia, but no avail. - Frederick allowed religious freedom and promoted education, legal reform, and economic growth but allowed the Junker nobility to keep the middle class from power in the government. - He allowed the repression of Prussian Jews, who were confined to overcrowded ghettos.
65
Who was Catherine the Great of Russia?
- Catherine II imported Western culture to Russia, supported the philosophies, and began a program of domestic reform. - The Pugachev uprising in 1773 led her to reverse the trend toward reform of serfdom and give nobles absolute control of their serfs. - She engaged in a policy of territorial expansion and with Prussia and Austria, she carved up Poland.
66
Who were the Austrian Habsburgs?
- Maria Theresa of Austria introduced reformed that limited church power, revised the tax system and the bureaucracy, and reduced the power of the lords over the serfs. - Her successor, Joseph II, was a dedicated reformer who abolished serfdom, taxed all equally, and granted religious freedom. - His reforms were short lived because no one like them.
67
What was the overall influence of the Enlightenment?
In France, the rise of judicial and aristocratic opposition combined with liberalism put absolutism on the defensive. - In eastern Europe, the results of enlightened absolutism were modest and absolutism remained strong. - By combining state building with the culture and critical thinking of The Enlightenment, absolute monarchs succeeded in expanding the role of the state in the life of society.
68
Where was agriculture at by the 1700s?
Most regions of Europe most people faced frequent famine and an agricultural system that hadn't changed much since the days of ancient Greece.
69
What was the open field system?
It divided the land into a few large fields, which were then cut up into long, narrow strips. The fields were farmed jointly by the community, but a large portion of the arable land was always left fallow. Common lands were set aside for community use.
70
When did serfdom end?
By the 1700s, most peasants in western Europe were free from serfdom, and many owned some land.
71
Why were the common people not attracted to the idea of liberalism?
Liberalism was attractive to the prosperous and well educated elites, but it lacked popular support because common people were more interested in economic issues and the protection of traditional practices and institutions.