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AP European History :!: > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why was the 17th Century called the Age of Crisis?

A

There were bitter religious conflicts; high inflation and high tax rates; and bad harvests, starvation, and population loss.

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2
Q

What did the crises during the 17th century lead to?

A

Changes in European government that lead to all governments in Europe either being Absolutist or Constitutional.

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3
Q

Why did countries develop different forms of government during the 17th century?

A

Because of the crises and differences in religion (Catholic vs Protestant)

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4
Q

Where could absolutist governments be found?

A

France and Spain

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5
Q

What was absolutism?

A

There was the dissolution of feudalism and rise of centralized and total power was given to the King/Queen.

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6
Q

What was an influential work in Absolutism?

A

Thomas Hobbes “Leviathan”

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7
Q

What was constitutionalism?

A

The monarch shared power and was constrained by a constitution

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8
Q

Where could constitutionalist governments be found?

A

England and the Netherlands

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9
Q

What was an influential work in Constitutionalism?

A

“The Magna Carta” 1215

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10
Q

What changed when countries became Absolutist?

A

The Monarchs raised taxes, built up professional armies, and secured the loyalty of the nobility (who only answered to God). They also consolidated and centralized their power.

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11
Q

What led to the evolution of Constitutionalism?

A

The Reformation and decline of Church power

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12
Q

What was the most destructive war in European history?

A

The 30 years’ war

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13
Q

What percentage of the German population was killed during the 30 Years’ War?

A

30%

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14
Q

What percentage of German men were killed during the 30 Years’ War?

A

50%

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15
Q

What caused the 30 Years’ War?

A

The Peace of Augsburg began to unravel and Catholics and Protestants went to war again.

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16
Q

What were the 4 phases of the 30 Years’ War?

A

Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, and French

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17
Q

What caused the German Civil War (phase 1 of the 30 Years’ War)?

A

Protestants accused Catholic leaders of halting construction of Protestant churches. After a meeting, they were defenestration (thrown from a window.)

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18
Q

What did the Catholic leaders begin to do after the defenestration of Prague?

A

They began to take revenge on Protestants, which caused a civil war to break out in Bohemia.

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19
Q

Where was Bohemia?

A

Germany and the Chez Republic.

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20
Q

What did the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 do?

A

It caused the European wars of religion to die, for German states to be recognized as independent, different faiths to be legally recognized, and for the HRE to dissolve.

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21
Q

What happened to religion in Germany after the German states became independent?

A

The North became Protestant and the South became Catholic.

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22
Q

What nation was the most powerful in Europe after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648?

A

France stepped up as the most powerful nation in Europe.

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23
Q

Who caused the silver inflation of Spain and why?

A

King Philip II of Spain was obsessed with religious conversions and colonialism exploration, so he got too much silver.

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24
Q

What caused the Spanish Economic Collapse?

A

The Silver Inflation and the 30 Years’ War

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25
Who are the 3 major absolutist rulers?
Philip II, Louis the 14th, and Philip the Great
26
Who failed the Spanish Armada invasion of England?
King Philip II of Spain (1556-1598)
27
Who started the Bourbon dynasty in France?
Henry of Navarre who was forced to wait outside during his wedding in Paris and survived St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.
28
Who converted to Catholicism in order to save France?
King Henry IV
29
Why did King Henry IV convert to Catholicism when he became King?
Because, "Paris is worth a mass."
30
What was the Edict of Nantes?
The edict that declared religious toleration declared by King Henry IV
31
How did King Henry IV die?
He was killed by a crazy Catholic who jumped into his coach and stabbed him to death
32
Who was Henry IV's son?
Louis XIII
33
Who was Louis XIII?
Henry IV's son who became King at age 8 when Henry was stabbed to death
34
What were the effects of Louis XIII's rule?
He wasn't as tolerant of religions as his father and was a weak King, so he reversed many of his father's policies such as allowing Protestants to serve in the military and positions in the government.
35
Who did Louis XIII appoint to run the country because he was so weak?
Cardinal Richelieu
36
What was one effect of Cardinal Richelieu's influence?
He often supported Protestants against the Catholic Hapsburg's for political reasons even though he was a Cardinal.
37
Who was Louis XIV?
He became King at age 5 when his father died but didn't actually rule until later on.
38
Who ruled the longest out of any European monarch?
Louis XIV who ruled from 1661-1715
39
What was Louis XIV's goal?
To make France the strongest, wealthiest nation in the world and strengthen absolute power
40
What was the 17th century also known as?
The Age of Crisis
41
What led to the rise of Russia?
Independence from the Mongols, the fall of Constantinople in 1453 and the collapse of the Byzantine empire, Western Europe's focus on exploration, etc
42
What did Russia do to build up their empire/ country?
They began building up a modern military, centralized state control, and dominated a huge landmass
43
What did the Tsars model their government after?
The Russian Tsars sought to pattern Russia after the Holy Roman Empire
44
Who were the Ivans?
Ivan III (Ivan the Great) from 1462-1505 and Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) from 1547-1584
45
Who was Ivan III?
Also known as Ivan the Great, he lived from 1462-1505.
46
What were boyars?
Nobles
47
What were Cossacks?
Russian peasant soldiers who were recruited to control the frontier, populate and Christianize the remote regions, and encouraged Russians to push eastward. Many ethnic minorities were forced out to the east by brutal Cossacks.
48
How were the Russian people treated during the building of the empire?
There was harsh subjugation of the boyars (nobles) and peasants
49
Who was Peter the Great and what did he do?
Peter Romanou was an absolute ruler of Russia from 1689-1725. Although he was often considered uncivilized, he worked hard to make Russia more like Europe
50
What was Peter the Great like (as a person)?
He was very tall (6'7") and loved to have belching contests at dinner parties. He had a very bad temper and once rolled up a silver platter and smacked someone on the head with it.
51
What were the goals of Peter the great?
Westernize Russia, modernize the military, and move the capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg
52
Who did Peter the Great westernize and what did this cause?
He only westernized boyers, which caused a greater division between the upper and lower classes
53
What was Russia like when Peter the Great rose to power?
Very different from Europe and was 90% agricultural
54
How did Peter the Great Westernize Russia?
He traveled to Europe in disguise, imported westerners to teach their customs to boyars, and required western style clothing for boyars.
55
What were the effects of the eastward expansion of Russia?
Diseases spread to once isolated areas with no immunity, natives became dependent on Russian goods and trade, and by 1720 the native population was only 15%
56
What was serfdom like in Russia?
Serfs paid high taxes and were illiterate and poor. They weren't slaves, but it was pretty close/
57
What is England's' form of government currently?
A constitutional monarchy- the monarchy shares legislative duties with parliament
58
Who were the English rulers?
Henry VIII > Edward > Queen "Bloody" Mary > Queen Elizabeth I > James I > Charles I = Civil War
59
What was Elizabeth I's reign like?
She was extremely popular, but faced problems. Colonies in North America weren't producing profit at the time. Rivalry with her Catholic cousin, Mary Queen of Scots, eventually led to charges of treason and Mary's execution.
60
What was James I like?
He was Mary's son and became King when Elizabeth I died. He was tolerant of Catholics, which angered many people, especially Puritans. He was an absolute ruler and believed in the divine right of kings. Fought parliament. He also created the King James Bible.
61
What was Charles I like?
He was James I's son. He was an absolutist ruler like his father and fought parliament. He ended up dissolving parliament.
62
Why did Charles I need an army?
To quell rebellion in Ireland and stop the threat of Scottish invasion
63
Where did Charles I recruit his army?
He left London and recruited in Northern England.
64
What was Parliament's new army called and what was their religion?
The New Model Army, or the "roundheads". They were Puritans who opposed the king.
65
What were the supporters of Charles I called?
Cavaliers
66
Who was Cromwell?
He was a Puritan military general who commanded the Roundheads against the Cavaliers. He won and had Charles I executed. Cromwell abolished the monarchy and dissolved parliament through military force. He invaded places and overall not a very well liked leader.
67
Who was the leader of the Puritan military?
Oliver Cromwell
68
What did Cromwell do once he defeated the Cavaliers?
He had Charles I executed and the rest of Europe was shocked and refused to recognize the new English government
69
What did Cromwell rule as and what did he call himself?
He ruled as a military dictator and called himself the Protecter and called the government the Protectorate
70
What places did Cromwell invade?
He invaded Ireland and gave Irish land to English soldiers. He also invaded Spanish colonies and seized Jamaica as a British colony.
71
What did the Restoration do?
It tried to restore the monarchy by bringing Charles I's son, Charles II, to London to rule after the death of Cromwell.
72
Who took over after Charles II died?
He didn't have a heir, so his Catholic brother, James II, took over the throne when he died.
73
How did James II anger many?
He tolerated Catholicism and dissolved Parliament. Also, his newborn Catholic son was to assume the throne after his death.
74
What was the Glorious Revolution of 1688?
The replacement of James II's son with his daughter and her husband.
75
What was William's (Mary's husband's) full title and where was he from?
William of Orange from the Netherlands
76
Why was James III overthrown?
They wanted to prevent a Catholic line of monarchs
77
What happened when James III was overthrown?
He fled to France after William led his army to London and the non violent overthrow of the King was complete
78
What was the effect of William and Mary's rule?
They established a constitutional monarchy and ended absolutism in England. They also created the English BIll of Rights, which limited royal power and allowed parliament to share in the decision making.
79
What was the effect of the English Bill of Rights?
William and Mary created the English BIll of Rights, which limited royal power and allowed parliament to share in the decision making.

AP European History :!: (10 decks)

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