Chapter 12: Nervous System Flashcards
(266 cards)
1
Q
the nervous system ___________ and __________ body functions
A
coordinates and controls
2
Q
the nervous system also receives
A
- sensory input
- makes decisions based on that input
- orders appropriate body responses
3
Q
primary structures of the nervous system
A
- brain
- spinal cord
- nerves
4
Q
alges/o
A
sense of pain
5
Q
astr/o
A
star
6
Q
centr/o
A
center
7
Q
cerebell/o
A
cerebellum
8
Q
cerebr/o
A
cerebrum
9
Q
clon/o
A
rapid contracting and relaxing
10
Q
concuss/o
A
to shake violently
11
Q
dur/o
A
dura mater
12
Q
encephal/o
A
brain
13
Q
esthesi/o
A
sensation, feeling
14
Q
gli/o
A
glue
15
Q
medull/o
A
medulla oblongata
16
Q
mening/o
A
meninges
17
Q
meningi/o
A
meninges
18
Q
ment/o
A
mind
19
Q
myel/o
A
spinal cord
20
Q
neur/o
A
nerve
21
Q
peripher/o
A
away from center
22
Q
poli/o
A
gray matter
23
Q
pont/o
A
pons
24
Q
radicul/o
A
nerve root
25
thalam/o
thalamus
26
thec/o
sheath, meninges
27
tom/o
to cut
28
ton/o
tone
29
ventricul/o
ventricle
30
-paresis
weakness
31
-phasia
speech
32
-taxia
muscle coordination
33
the nervous system receives information from both __________ and _________ sensory receptors
external and internal
34
the nervous system uses the information from the sensory receptors to adjust the activity of
muscles and glands to match the body's needs
35
the nervous system is divided into
CNS and PNS
36
the CNS consists of
the brain and spinal cord
37
___________ _____________ comes into the CNS for processing
sensory information
38
_________ ___________ exit the CNS with commands for muscles and glands
motor messages
39
the PNS consists of
cranial nerves and spinal nerves
40
________ ________ carry messages into the CNS
sensory nerves
41
________ ________ carry commands away from the CNS
motor nerves
42
all parts of the nervous system are composed of
nervous tissue
43
there are two types of nervous cells
neurons and neuroglia
44
neurons have 3 basic parts
1- dendrites
2- cell body
3- axon
45
___________ are highly branched projections that receive impulses
dendrites
46
____________________ contains the nucleus and other organelles of the cell
nerve cell body
47
_________ is the projection from the cell body that conducts the impulse toward its destination
axon
48
the axon of one neuron meets a dendrite of the next neuron at the
synapse
49
a gap called the _________ _______ exists between the two neurons
synaptic cleft
50
a _____________ ________________ released by the axon carries impulses across
chemical neurotransmitter
51
some neuroglia produce fatty substance ________
myelin
52
myelin is
insulation for the axon
53
myelin allows the axon to
conduct impulses faster
54
neuroglia do not conduct
electrical impulses
55
the CNS is made of
gray and white matter
56
gray matter is
unsheathed cell bodies and dendrites
57
white matter is
myelinated nerve fibers
58
bundles of interconnecting nerve fibers form
tracts
59
__ meninges encase and protect the CNS
3
60
the ______ is one of the largest organs of the body
brain
61
the brain coordinates most
body activities
62
the brain is divided into four sections
1- cerebrum
2- cerebellum
3- diencephalon
4- brainstem
63
the ___________ is the largest section and the upper portion of the brain
cerebrum
64
the cerebrum processes
- thought
- judgement
- memory
- problem solving
- language
65
the outer layer is the __________ _______ and is made of folds of gray matter
cerebral cortex
66
elevated portions are called
gyri
67
fissures between gyri are called
sulci
68
the cerebrum is divided into
right and left hemispheres
69
each hemisphere of the cerebrum contains __ lobes
4
70
the lobes of the cerebrum
- frontal lobes
- parietal lobes
- occipital lobes
- temporal lobes
71
the frontal lobes are __________ and control
anterior
- motor function
- personality
- speech
72
the parietal lobes are __________ and interpret ________________ and ___________
superior; impulses and language
73
the occipital lobes are __________ and control
posterior and control vision
74
the temporal lobes are __________ and control ____________ and __________
lateral
- hearing and smell
75
the diencephalon contains the _______________ and _____________________
thalamus and hypothalamus
76
the thalamus is made of
gray matter
77
the thalamus relays impulses from the _______, _______, and _______ to the cerebrum
eyes, ears, and skin
78
the thalamus also controls ________ perception
pain
79
the hypothalamus is located _____________ to the thalamus
inferiorly
80
the hypothalamus controls
- temperature
- appetite
- sleep
- sexual desire
- emotion
81
the hypothalamus controls what 3 systems and what endocrine gland
- autonomic nervous system (ANS)
- cardiovascular system
- digestive system
- pituitary gland
82
the _____________ is the second-largest portion of the brain
cerebellum
83
the cerebellum is located
beneath the posterior part of the cerebrum
84
the cerebellum aids in coordinating
voluntary body movements and maintaining balance and equilibrium
85
the cerebellum also refines ____________ __________ initiated in the cerebrum
muscle movements
86
the brainstem has 3 components
1- midbrain
2- pons
3- medulla oblongata
87
the __________ is a pathway for impulses between the brain and spinal cord
midbrain
88
the ______ connects the cerebellum to the rest of the brain
pons
89
the ____________ connects the brain to the spinal cord
medulla oblongata
90
the medulla oblongata is the control center for
- respiration
- heart rate
- temperature
- blood pressure
91
the brainstem is the site where tracts cross from
one side of the brain to the other side of the body
92
there are __ interconnected ventricles in the brain
4
93
there is one ventricle in
- each hemisphere
- one in the thalamus
- one in front of the cerebellum
94
the ventricles contain a clear fluid called
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
95
CSF provides
shock and motion protection to the brain and spinal cord
96
the spinal cord is the
pathway for impulses traveling to and from the brain
97
the spinal cord is a column of nervous tissue extending from the ______________ to the
medulla oblongata to the second lumbar vertebra
98
the spinal cord is within the ___________ ________ in the ______ cavity
vertebral column in the spinal cavity
99
CSF flows down the center of the
spinal cord within the central canal
100
the inner portion of the spinal cord is made of ______ ________ and ____________ and is _____ matter
cell bodies and dendrites/ gray matter
101
the outer portion of the spinal cord is
myelinated white matter
102
ascending tracts of the spinal cord carry
sensory information up to the brain
103
descending tracts of the spinal cord carry
motor commands down from the brain to a peripheral nerve
104
the meninges are three layers of _____________ ________ membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord
connective tissue
105
the tissue layers of meninges are separated by spaces
- dura mater (tough mother)
- subdural SPACE
- arachnoid mater (spiderlike)
- subarachnoid SPACE
- pia mater (soft mother)
106
the _____________ is the tough, fibrous outermost sac
dura mater
107
the _____________ is between the dura mater and arachnoid mater
subdural space
108
the _______________ is delicate and attached to the pia mater by filaments
arachnoid layer
109
the _______________ is between the arachnoid layer and pia mater
subarachnoid space
110
the ____________ is applied directly to the brain and spinal cord surface
pia mater
111
the PNS includes __ pairs of cranial nerves
12
112
the PNS includes __ pairs of spinal nerves
31
113
__________ nerves arise from the brain, typically the medulla oblongata
cranial
114
_______ nerves spilt off of the spinal cord, with one pair of nerves between each pair of vertebrae
spinal
115
the point where a nerve is attached to the CNS is the
nerve root
116
most nerves carry information to and from the CNS, but individual neurons carry information in
only one direction
117
___________ neurons carry information from a receptor to the CNS
afferent
118
__________ neurons carry information from the CNS to muscles or glands
efferent
119
nerve cell bodies of neurons are grouped in a knot-like _____________ outside of the CNS
ganglion
120
the PNS is subdivided into the
ANS and somatic nerves
121
the ANS controls ____________ or unconscious body functions
involuntary
122
the ANS increases and decreases activity of
cardiac muscle in the heart
123
the ANS affects _________ _________ function in the viscera and vessels
smooth muscle
124
the ANS influences activity of the
glands
125
the ANS is divided into the
sympathetic and parasympathetic branches
126
the sympathetic branch controls the
fight-or-flight reaction
127
the sympathetic branch
- active during stress
- increases bp
- inhibits digestion
- stimulates the production of adrenaline
128
the parasympathetic branch controls the
rest-and-digest function
129
the parasympathetic branch
- causes heart rate to slow
- lowers bp
- stimulates the return of digestion
130
the somatic nerves serve the
skin and skeletal muscles
131
the somatic nerves are mainly involved with __________ and _____________ activities of the body
conscious and voluntary
132
the sensory receptors of the dermis use somatic nerves to send information about ______, ___________, __________, and _________ to the brain
- touch
- temperature
- pressure
- pain
133
the somatic nerves also carry ________ ___________ to skeletal muscles
motor commands
134
alges/o
sense of pain
135
angi/o
vessel
136
arteri/o
artery
137
astr/o
star
138
cephal/o
head
139
cerebell/o
cerebellum
140
cerebr/o
cerebrum
141
clon/o
rapid contracting and relaxing
142
concuss/o
to shake violently
143
crani/o
skull
144
cutane/o
skin
145
cyt/o
cell
146
dur/o
dura mater
147
electr/o
electricity
148
encephal/o
brain
149
esthesi/o
sensation, feeling
150
gli/o
glue
151
hal/o
to breathe
152
hemat/o
blood
153
hydr/o
water
154
isch/o
to hold back
155
later/o
side
156
lumb/o
low back
157
medull/o
medulla oblongata
158
mening/o
meninges
159
meningi/o
meninges
160
ment/o
mind
161
my/o
muscle
162
myel/o
spinal cord
163
neur/o
nerve
164
poli/o
gray matter
165
pont/o
pons
166
radicul/o
nerve root
167
scler/o
hard
168
thalam/o
thalamus
169
thec/o
sheath
170
tom/o
to cut
171
ton/o
tone
172
topic/o
a specific area
173
vascul/o
blood vessel
174
ven/o
vein
175
ventricul/o
ventricle
176
vertebr/o
vertebra
177
-al
pertaining to
178
-algia
pain
179
-ar
pertaining to
180
-ary
pertaining to
181
-asthenia
weakness
182
-cele
protrusion
183
-eal
pertaining to
184
-ectomy
surgical removal
185
-emic
pertaining to a blood condition
186
-gram
record
187
-graphy
process of recording
188
-ia
condition
189
-ic
pertaining to
190
-ical
pertaining to
191
-ine
pertaining to
192
-ion
action
193
-itis
inflammation
194
-logy
study of
195
-nic
pertaining to
196
-oma
tumor, mass
197
-osis
abnormal condition
198
-otomy
cutting into
199
-ous
pertaining to
200
-paresis
weakness
201
-pathy
disease
202
-phasia
speech
203
-plasty
surgical repair
204
-plegia
paralysis
205
-rrhaphy
suture
206
-taxia
muscle coordination
207
-tic
pertaining to
208
-trophic
pertaining to development
209
a-
without
210
an-
without
211
anti-
against
212
bi-
two
213
de-
without
214
dys-
abnormal, difficult
215
endo-
within
216
epi-
above
217
hemi-
half
218
hyper-
excessive
219
in-
inward
220
intra-
within
221
mono-
one
222
para-
abnormal, two like parts of a pair
223
poly-
many
224
quadri-
four
225
semi-
partial
226
sub-
under
227
trans-
across
228
tri-
three
229
ultra-
beyond
230
un-
not
231
cephalic
pertaining to the head
232
cerebellar
pertaining to the cerebellum
233
cerebral
pertaining to the cerebrum
234
cerebrospinal
pertaining to the cerebrum and spine
235
cranial
pertaining to the skull
236
encephalic
pertaining to the brain
237
intracranial
pertaining to within the skull
238
intrathecal
pertaining to inside the meninges
239
medullary
pertaining to the medulla oblongata
240
meningeal
pertaining to the meninges
241
myelonic
pertaining to the spinal cord
242
neural
pertaining to the nerves
243
neurological
pertaining to the glial cells
244
pontine
pertaining to the pons
245
spinal
pertaining to the spine
246
subdural
pertaining to under the dura mater
247
thalamic
pertaining to the thalamus
248
ventricular
pertaining to the ventricles
249
vertebral
pertaining to the vertebrae
250
ANS =
visceral motor
251
dementia
progressive impairment of intellectual function that interferes with activities of daily living
252
convulsion
severe involuntary muscle contractions and relaxations
253
paraplegia
paralysis of the lower portion of the body
254
paresthesia
abnormal sensations such as burning or tingling
255
cerebral palsy (CP)
brain damage resulting from the defect, trauma, infection, or oxygen deprivation before, during, or shortly after birth
256
CVA
cerebrovascular accident
257
CTE
chronic traumatic encephalopathy
258
monoparesis
muscle weakness in one arm
259
SBS
shaken baby syndrome
260
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
temporary interference with blood supply to brain
261
SCI
spinal cord injury
262
multiple sclerosis (MS)
inflammatory disease of the CNS; causes weakness and numbness due to loss of myelin sheath from nerves
263
shingles
eruption of painful blisters on body along a nerve path
264
cerebrospinal fluid analysis
examination of the CSF
265
meningocele
protrusion of the meninges through an opening in the vertebral column
266
myelomeningocele
protrusion of the meninges and the spinal cord through an opening in the vertebral column
