Chapter 8: Digestive System Flashcards
(235 cards)
1
Q
the digestive system ____________ and ___________ breaks down food and absorbs nutrients in the body
A
mechanically and chemically
2
Q
organs and accessory structures of the digestive system include:
A
- anus
- esophagus
- gallbladder
- large intestine
- liver
- mouth
- oral cavity
- pancreas
- pharynx
- salivary glands
- small intestine
- stomach
3
Q
an/o
A
anus
4
Q
append/o
A
appendix
5
Q
appendic/o
A
appendix
6
Q
bar/o
A
weight
7
Q
bucc/o
A
cheek
8
Q
cec/o
A
cecum
9
Q
cholangi/o
A
bile duct
10
Q
chol/e
A
bile, gall
11
Q
cholecyst/o
A
gallbladder
12
Q
choledoch/o
A
common bile duct
13
Q
cirrh/o
A
yellow
14
Q
col/o
A
colon
15
Q
colon/o
A
colon
16
Q
dent/o
A
tooth
17
Q
diverticul/o
A
pouch
18
Q
duoden/o
A
duodenum
19
Q
enter/o
A
small intestine
20
Q
esophag/o
A
esophagus
21
Q
gastr/o
A
stomach
22
Q
gingiv/o
A
gums
23
Q
gloss/o
A
tongue
24
Q
hepat/o
A
liver
25
ile/o
ileum
26
jejun/o
jejunum
27
labi/o
lip
28
lapar/o
abdomen
29
lingu/o
tongue
30
lith/o
stone
31
odont/o
tooth
32
or/o
mouth
33
palat/o
palate
34
pancreat/o
pancreas
35
pharyng/o
pharynx
36
polyp/o
polyp
37
proct/o
anus and rectum
38
pylor/o
pylorus
39
pyr/o
fire
40
rect/o
rectum
41
sialaden/o
salivary gland
42
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
43
-emesis
vomit
44
-emetic
pertaining to vomiting
45
-iatric
pertaining to medical treatment
46
-istry
speciality of
47
-lithiasis
condition of stones
48
-orexia
appetite
49
-pepsia
digestion
50
-phagia
eat, swallow
51
-prandial
pertaining to a meal
52
-tripsy
surgical crushing
53
most digestive organs are actually distinct section of the gut tube and those are:
- oral cavity
- pharynx
- esophagus
- stomach
- small intestine
- large intestine
54
accessory organs involved in the digestive process but not part of the continuous gut tube
- salivary glands
- pancreas
- liver
- gallbladder
55
accessory organs are connected to the gut by
ducts
56
the digestive system has three main functions
1- physical and chemical breakdown of food into smaller nutrient molecules
2- absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream
3- elimination of any food that is not digested or absorbed
57
the ______________ is the first portion of the continuous gut tube
oral cavity
58
the ________ mechanically break down food
teeth
59
the ________ moves food and mixes it with saliva
tongue
60
saliva contains _________________ and __________ food
digestive enzymes and lubricates
61
_______________ detect the five main flavors
taste buds
62
the __________ is the roof of the oral cavity
palate
63
the bony anterior portion is the
hard palate
64
the flexible posterior portion is the
soft palate
65
the _______ hangs from the soft palate, where it is involved in speech production and the gag reflex
uvula
66
the ________ are the lateral walls of the oral cavity
cheeks
67
the ______ are the anterior opening of the oral cavity
lips
68
the entire oral cavity is lined with
mucous membrane
69
a portion of the mucous membrane forms _________ or _________
gums or gingiva
70
the teeth in the front of the mouth ______, ________, and ______ food
bite, tear, and cut
71
the teeth toward the back of the mouth _______ and ______ food into finer pieces
grind and crush
72
teeth in front:
- incisors
- cuspids (canines)
73
teeth in back:
- bicuspids (premolars)
- molars
74
all teeth consist of 2 main parts
- crown
- root
75
the crown lies ________ the gum line
above
76
the root lies _________ the gum line
below
77
the root is anchored in the jaw by ____________ and ____________ ligaments
cementum and periodontal
78
the crown is covered by
hard enamel
79
the bulk of the tooth is made of
dentin
80
the hollow interior is the _______ __________ in the crown and root canal in the root
pulp cavity
81
cavities contain soft tissue made up of ___________, _________, and ___________
blood vessels, nerves, lymph vessels
82
humans have __ sets of teeth
2
83
the _______________ teeth erupt between the ages of 6 and 28 months
20 deciduous (baby)
84
around age 6, the deciduous teeth begin to be replaced by the ____________________
32 permanent teeth
85
eruption of the permanent teeth continues until around ages
18-20
86
after the oral cavity, the next portion of the digestive tract is the
pharynx
87
food first passes through the _____________, then progresses through the ______________
oropharynx/laryngopharynx
88
the ___________ is a flap that prevents swallowed food from entering the respiratory tract
epiglottis
89
the _____________ is a muscular tube that is about 10 inches long in most adults
esophagus
90
the esophagus carries food through the ______________ cavity and into the _______________ cavity, where it enters the ___________
thoracic cavity/ abdominal cavity/ stomach
91
food is propelled through the esophagus by wavelike contractions called
peristalsis
92
the stomach churns food with ________________ and other gastric juices to form _________
hydrochloric acids/ chyme
93
the stomach consists of 3 parts
1- fundus (upper portion)
2- body (main portion)
3- antrum (lower portion)
94
folds called _______ line the entire stomach
rugae
95
2 muscular valves called sphincters control the flow of food through the stomach
- cardiac sphincter
- pyloric sphincter
96
the _________________ allows food to pass from the esophagus to the fundus
cardiac sphincter
97
the _________________ regulates passage of chyme from the antrum to the small intestine
pyloric sphincter
98
the __________________ is the longest part of the gut tube, extending from the pyloric sphincter in the colon
small intestine
99
the small intestine is the
major site of digestion and absorption of nutrients
100
projections called _______ make the lining in the small intestines highly efficient at absorption
villi
101
__________ on the surface of individual cells further increase absorptive ability
microvilli
102
the small intestine has 3 sections
1- duodenum
2- jejunum
3- ileum
103
the duodenum is _______ inches long and begins at the ___________ sphincter
10-12 inches/ pyloric
104
the jejunum is _________ feet long and extends from the _____________ to the ileum
8 / duodenum
105
the ileum is _________ long and connects to the coloin via the _______________
12 feet long/ ileocecal valve
106
from the small intestine, any remaining fluid enters the
large intestine
107
the remaining material is solid waste-- also called
feces or stool
108
feces are evacuated from the body via
bowel movements
109
the large intestine is _________ long
5 feet
110
the large intestine begins at the ____________ and ends at the ________
ileocecal valve/ anus
111
the ________ is a saclike area in the first 2-3 inches of the large intestine
cecum
112
the ___________ appendix is located at the end of the cecum
vermiform
113
the colon consists of four regions
- ascending colon
- transverse colon
- descending colon
- sigmoid colon
114
__________________ extends upward on the right side of the abdomen
ascending colon
115
__________________ travels horizontally across the upper abdomen
transverse colon
116
_________________ travels down the left side of the abdomen
descending colon
117
______________ curves in an S-shape to the midline of the body
sigmoid colon
118
the rectum stores
feces
119
the rectum leads to the _____________, which ends at the anal sphincter
anal canal
120
the _______________ is the external opening of the digestive tract
anal sphincter
121
the anal sphincter consists of rings of __________ that control the process of defecation
muscles
122
accessory organs include
- salivary glands
- liver
- pancreas
- gallbladder
123
the salivary glands produce
saliva
124
saliva mixes with chewed food to form a _________ that is easier to swallow
bolus
125
saliva also contains _________, an enzyme that begins the breakdown of carbohydrates
amylase
126
3 pairs of salivary glands
- parotid glands
- sublingual glands
- submandibular glands
127
the parotid glands are located
in front of the ears
128
the sublingual glands are located
in the floor of the mouth
129
the submandibular glands are located
in the floor of the mouth
130
the liver is located in which quadrant?
right upper quadrant of the abdomen
131
functions of the liver
- processing absorbed nutrients
- detoxifying harmful substances
- producing bile
132
the gallbladder lies under the ________ and stores ________
liver/bile
133
bile reaches the gallbladder by way of the _________ and _________ ducts
hepatic and cystic
134
the pancreas connects to the duodenum via the
pancreatic duct
135
pancreatic enzymes chemically digest _______________, ________, and ______________
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
136
the pancreas is also an endocrine gland that produces _________ and _________, which regulate blood glucose levels
insulin and glucagon
137
an/o
anus
138
append/o
appendix
139
appendic/o
appendix
140
bar/o
weight
141
bucc/o
cheek
142
carcin/o
cancer
143
cec/o
cecum
144
chol/e
bile
145
cholangi/o
bile duct
146
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
147
choledoch/o
common bile duct
148
cirrh/o
yellow
149
col/o
colon
150
colon/o
colon
151
cutane/o
skin
152
cyst/o
sac
153
dent/o
tooth
154
diverticul/o
pouch
155
duoden/o
duodenum
156
enter/o
small intestine
157
esophag/o
esophagus
158
gastr/o
stomach
159
gingiv/o
gums
160
gloss/o
tongue
161
hem/o
blood
162
hemat/o
blood
163
hepat/o
liver
164
ile/o
ileum
165
inguin/o
groin
166
jejun/o
jejunum
167
labi/o
lip
168
lapar/o
abdomen
169
lingu/o
tongue
170
lith/o
stone
171
mandibul/o
mandible
172
nas/o
nose
173
ordont/o
straight
174
or/o
mouth
175
orth/o
straight
176
palat/o
palate
177
pancreat/o
pancreas
178
pharyng/o
pharynx
179
polyp/o
polyp
180
proct/o
anus and rectum
181
pylor/o
pylorus
182
pyr/o
fire
183
rect/o
rectum
184
sialaden/o
salivary gland
185
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
186
ven/o
vein
187
-iatric
pertaining to medical treatment
188
-istry
speciality of
189
-lithiasis
condition of stones
190
-orexia
appetite
191
-ostomy
surgically create an opening
192
-pepsia
digestion
193
-pexy
surgical fixation
194
-plegia
paralysis
195
-prandial
pertaining to a meal
196
-ptosis
drooping
197
-tripsy
surgical crushing
198
retro-
backward
199
anal
pertaining to the anus
200
buccal
pertaining to the cheeks
201
buccolabial
pertaining to the cheeks and lips
202
cecal
pertaining to the cecum
203
cholecystic
pertaining to the gallbladder
204
colonic
pertaining to the colon
205
colorectal
pertaining to the colon and rectum
206
cystic
pertaining to the gallbladder
207
dental
pertaining to the teeth
208
duodenal
pertaining to the duodenum
209
enteric
pertaining to the small intestine
210
esophageal
pertaining to the esophagus
211
gastric
pertaining to the stomach
212
jejunal
pertaining to the jejunum
213
labial
pertaining to the lips
214
lingual
pertaining to the tongue
215
nasogastric
pertaining to the nose and stomach
216
oral
pertaining to the mouth
217
pancreatic
pertaining to the pancreas
218
periodontal
pertaining to around the teeth
219
pharyngeal
pertaining to the pharynx
220
pyloric
pertaining to the pylorus
221
rectal
pertaining to the rectum
222
sigmoidal
pertaining to the sigmoid colon
223
sublingual
pertaining to under the tongue
224
submandibular
pertaining to under the mandible
225
hematochezia
passing bright red blood in the stool
226
melena
passage of dark tarry stool due to digested blood
227
jaundice
yellow cast to skin due to failure of the liver
228
polyphagia
excessive eating
229
postprandial
after a meal
230
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
condition in which acid from the stomach flows backward into the esophagus, causing inflammation and pain
231
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
disturbance in the function of the intestine from unknown causes
232
esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)
use of flexible fiberoptic scope to visualize the esophagus, stomach, and beginning, of the duodenum
233
body mass index (BMI)
method of determining whether a person's weight is healthy
234
GI
gastrointestinal
235
IBD
inflammatory bowel disease
