Chapter 2: Body Organization and Medical Care Flashcards
(180 cards)
1
Q
Levels in the body
A
- cell
- tissue
- organ
- organ system
- body
2
Q
abdomin/o
A
abdomen
3
Q
adip/o
A
fat
4
Q
aer/o
A
air
5
Q
anter/o
A
front
6
Q
brachi/o
A
arm
7
Q
cardi/o
A
heart
8
Q
caud/o
A
tail
9
Q
cephal/o
A
head
10
Q
cervic/o
A
neck
11
Q
chondr/o
A
cartilage
12
Q
crani/o
A
skull
13
Q
crin/o
A
to secrete
14
Q
crur/o
A
leg
15
Q
cyt/o
A
cell
16
Q
dermat/o
A
skin
17
Q
dist/o
A
away from
18
Q
dors/o
A
back of body
19
Q
epitheli/o
A
epithelium
20
Q
eti/o
A
cause
21
Q
glute/o
A
buttock
22
Q
hist/o
A
tissue
23
Q
infer/o
A
below
24
Q
inguin/o
A
groin
25
later/o
side
26
lumb/o
loin or low back
27
lymph/o
lymph
28
medi/o
middle
29
muscul/o
muscle
30
nucle/o
nucleus
31
orth/o
straight, upright
32
ox/o
oxygen
33
pariet/o
cavity wall
34
ped/o
child, foot
35
pelv/o
pelvis
36
peritone/o
peritoneum
37
pleur/o
pleura
38
poster/o
back
39
proct/o
rectum and anus
40
proxim/o
near to
41
pub/o
genital region
42
pulmon/o
lung
43
somat/o
body
44
spin/o
spine
45
super/o
above
46
thorac/o
chest
47
ur/o, urin/o
urine
48
vascul/o
blood vessel
49
ventr/o
belly
50
vertebr/o
vertebrae
51
viscer/o
internal organ
52
Individual cells perform functions
- reproduction
- hormone secretion
- energy production
- excretion
53
Special cells carry out these functions
muscle contraction and nerve pulse transmission
54
2 types of mature cells
1- somatic cells
2- gametes
55
Somatic cells
the vast majority of cells in the body; each carries the full 46 chromosomes
56
Gametes
reproductive cells; carry only 23 chromosomes
57
Stem cells
the ability to differentiate into any other type of cell in the body
58
4 types of tissue
- muscle
- epithelial
- connective
- nervous
59
3 types of muscle tissue
- skeletal muscle is attached to bone
- smooth muscle (visceral) is found in organs
- cardiac muscle is found in the heart
60
Epithelial tissue
forms the lining of internal organs and the skin
61
Epithelial tissue is made of close-packed cells that do 4 things
- protect (skin)
- absorb (lining of intestine)
- secrete (sweat glands)
- excrete wastes (kidney tubules)
62
Connective Tissue
supports and protects the body
63
Different forms of connective tissue
- adipose
- bone
- cartilage
- tendons
64
Nervous tissue
composed of cells called neurons, form in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
65
Integumentary system
forms a two-way barrier, aids in temperature regulation
66
Organs in the integumentary system
- skin
- hair
- nails
- sweat glands
- sebaceous glands
67
Musculoskeletal System
supports and protects the body; forms blood cells and stores minerals; produces movement
68
Organs in the musculoskeletal system include
- bones
- joints
- muscles
69
Cardiovascular system
pumps blood to transport nutrients, oxygen, and wastes
70
Organs in the cardiovascular system include
- heart
- arteries
- veins
71
Blood (Hematic) System
transports oxygen, protects against pathogens, and controls bleeding
72
Blood system includes
- plasma
- erythrocytes
- leukocytes
- platelets
73
Lymphatic system
protects the body from disease and invasion by pathogens
74
Organs in the lymphatic system include
- lymph nodes
- lymphatic vessels
- spleen
- thymus gland
- tonsils
75
Respiratory system
brings oxygen into and takes carbon dioxide out of the body
76
Organs in the respiratory system include
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchial tubes
- lungs
77
Gastrointestinal system
ingests, digests, and absorbs nutrients
78
Organs in the gastrointestinal system include
- oral cavity
- pharynx
- esophagus
- stomach
- small and large intestine
- liver
- gallbladder
- pancreas
- salivary glands
79
Urinary system
filters wastes from blood and removes them from the body
80
Organs in the urinary system include
- kidneys
- ureters
- urinary bladder
- urethra
81
Female Reproductive system
produces eggs and provides for the growing baby; nourishes infant
82
Organs in the female reproductive system include
- ovaries
- fallopian tubes
- uterus
- vagina
- vulva
- breasts
83
Male reproductive system
produces sperm
84
Organs in the male reproductive system include
- testes
- epididymis
- vas deferens
- penis
- seminal vesicles
- prostate gland
- bulbourethral gland
85
Endocrine system
regulates metabolic activity
86
Organs in the endocrine system include
- pituitary gland
- pineal gland
- thyroid gland
- parathyroid gland
- thymus
- adrenal glands
- pancreas
- ovaries
- testes
87
Nervous system
receives sensory information from the body; coordinates response to that information
88
Organs in the nervous system include
- brain
- spinal cord
- nerves
89
The anatomical position
- standing erect and looking ahead
- has hands at sides and palms forward
- has legs parallel and feet and toes forward
90
3 body planes
- sagittal plane
- frontal plane
- transverse plane
91
Sagittal plane (median plane or midsagittal plane)
divides the body into left and right portions
92
Frontal plane (coronal plane)
divides the body into front and back portions
93
Transverse plane
divides the body into upper and lower portions
94
Cross-section
produced by a slice perpendicular to the long axis of a structure
95
Longitudinal section
produced by a lengthwise slice along the long axis of a structure
96
Abdominal
abdomen; on anterior side of trunk
97
Brachial
upper extremities or arms
98
Cephalic
head
99
Cervical
neck; connects head to trunk
100
Crural
lower extremities or legs
101
Dorsum
back; on posterior side of trunk
102
Gluteal
buttocks; on posterior side of trunk
103
Pelvic
pelvis; on anterior side of trunk
104
Pubic
region containing external genitals; on anterior side of trunk
105
Thoracic
chest; on anterior side of trunk; also called thorax
106
Trunk
contains all body regions other than head, neck, and extremities; also called torso
107
Vertebral
overlies spinal column or vertebrae; on posterior side
108
2 dorsal cavities
- cranial cavity contains the brain
- The spinal cavity contains the spinal cord
109
Thoracic cavity
- lungs
- mediastinum
- contains the heart, aorta, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland
110
Abdominopelvic cavity
- divided into the abdominal and pelvic cavities
- contains the digestive, excretory, and reproductive organs
111
Parietal layer
lines the cavities
112
Visceral layer
contacts the viscera
113
The abdominopelvic cavity sac is known as
the peritoneum
114
Pleural cavity
surrounds the lungs
115
Pericardial cavity
surrounds the heart
116
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
- liver (majority)
- right kidney
- colon
- pancreas (small portion)
- gall bladder
- small intestine
117
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
- liver (small portion)
- spleen
- left kidney
- stomach
- colon
- pancreas (majority)
- small intestine
118
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
- colon
- small intestine
- right ureter
- appendix
- right ovary
- right fallopian tube
119
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
- colon
- small intestine
- left ureter
- left ovary
- left fallopian tube
120
Midline area
- bladder
- uterus
- prostate
121
Superior or cephalic
more toward the head or above another structure
122
Inferior or caudal
more toward the feet or below another structure
123
Anterior or ventral
more toward the front or belly-side of the body
124
Posterior or dorsal
more toward the back or spinal cord side of the body
125
Medial
more toward the middle or midline of the body
126
Lateral
more toward the side of the body
127
Proximal
nearer to the point of attachment to the body
128
Distal
farther away from the point of attachment to the body
129
Apex
the tip or summit of an organ
130
Base
the bottom or lower part of an organ
131
Superficial
more toward the surface of the body
132
Deep
further away from the surface of the body
133
Supine
lying horizontally facing upward
134
Prone
lying horizontally facing downward
135
Etiology
describing what causes a disease
136
Pathogenesis
describing how the disease develops
137
Disease
characterized by an abnormal and harmful functioning of cells, tissues, organs, or body systems
138
Disorder
an irregularity in normal functioning as a result of having a disease
139
Syndrome
a group of signs and symptoms occurring together that may point to a particular disease
140
Signs
objective evidence of abnormalities
141
Symptoms
subjective and felt only by the patient
142
Diagnosis
identifying a disease
143
Diagnostic procedures
clinical laboratory tests or diagnostic images
144
Prognosis
expected course and outcome for a given diagnosis; therapeutic procedures
145
AP
anteriorposterior
146
CV
cardiovascular
147
Derm, derm
dermatology
148
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
149
DX, Dx, dx
diagnosis
150
ENT
ear, nose, and throat
151
GI
gastrointestinal
152
GYN
gynecology
153
lat
lateral
154
LE
lower extremity
155
LLQ
left lower quadrant
156
LUQ
left upper quadrant
157
MS
musculoskeletal
158
OB
obstetrics
159
PA
posterioranterior
160
Path
pathology
161
PX, Px
prognosis
162
RLQ
right lower quadrant
163
RUQ
right upper quadrant
164
S/S, S/Sx
signs and symptoms
165
SX, Sx
symptoms
166
UE
upper extremity
167
Integumentary system specialty
dermatology
168
Musculoskeletal system specialty
orthopedics
169
Cardiovascular system specialty
cardiology
170
Hematic system specialty
hematology
171
Lymphatic system specialty
immunology
172
Respiratory system specialty
- otorhinolaryngology
- pulmonology
- thoracic surgery
173
Gastrointestinal system specialty
- gastroenterology
- proctology
174
Urinary system specialty
- nephrology
- urology
175
Female Reproductive system specialty
- gynecology
- obstetrics
176
Male reproductive system specialty
urology
177
Endocrine system specialty
endocrinology
178
Nervous system specialty
- neurology
- neurosurgery
179
Special sense: eyes specialty
ophthalmology
180
Special sense: ear specialty
otorhinolaryngology
