Chapter 4: Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
(399 cards)
1
Q
the skeletal system consists of how many bones
A
206
2
Q
the skeleton is the ___________________ of the body
A
internal framework
3
Q
functions of the musculoskeletal system
A
- supports the body
- protects organs
- is the point of muscle attachment
- produces blood cells and stores minerals
4
Q
bones and joints are skeletal ____________
A
organs
5
Q
axial division
A
6
Q
appendicular division
A
7
Q
ankyl/o
A
stiff joint
8
Q
arthr/o
A
joint
9
Q
articul/o
A
joint
10
Q
burs/o
A
sac
11
Q
carp/o
A
carpus
12
Q
cervic/o
A
neck
13
Q
chondr/o
A
cartilage
14
Q
clavicul/o
A
clavicle
15
Q
coccyg/o
A
coccyx
16
Q
cortic/o
A
outer layer
17
Q
cost/o
A
rib
18
Q
crani/o
A
skull
19
Q
femor/o
A
femur
20
Q
fibr/o
A
fibers
21
Q
fibul/o
A
fibula
22
Q
humer/o
A
humerus
23
Q
ili/o
A
ilium
24
Q
ischi/o
A
ischium
25
kyph/o
hump
26
lamin/o
lamina, part of the vertebra
27
lord/o
bent backward
28
lumb/o
loin, low back
29
mandibul/o
mandible
30
maxill/o
maxilla
31
medull/o
inner portion
32
menisc/o
meniscus
33
metacarp/o
metacarpus
34
metatars/o
metatarsus
35
myel/o
bone marrow, spinal cord
36
orth/o
straight
37
oste/o
bone
38
patell/o
patella
39
pector/o
chest
40
ped/o
foot, child
41
pelv/o
pelvis
42
phalang/o
phalanges
43
pod/o
foot
44
prosthet/o
addition
45
pub/o
pubis
46
radi/o
radius, ray
47
sacr/o
sacrum
48
scapul/o
scapula
49
scoli/o
crooked
50
spin/o
spine
51
spondyl/o
vertebrae
52
stern/o
sternum
53
synovi/o
synovial membrane
54
synov/o
synovial membrane
55
tars/o
tarsus
56
thorac/o
chest
57
tibi/o
tibia
58
uln/o
ulna
59
vertebr/o
vertebra
60
-blast
immature
61
-clasia
to break surgically
62
-clast
broken
63
-desis
to fuse
64
-listhesis
slipping
65
-logic
pertaining to the study of
66
-phyte
growth
67
-porosis
porous
68
each bone is a body organ with a ___________, ____________, and __________________
blood supply, nerves, and lymphatic vessels
69
joints give the skeleton
flexibility
70
bones are also called
osseous tissue
71
bones are one of the ______________ materials in the body
hardest
72
bones are formed by the gradual process of
ossification
73
the fetal skeleton is made of
cartilage
74
the cartilage of the fetus is replaced by ___________ that mature into _____________
osteoblasts/osteocytes
75
old bone is broken down by
osteoclasts
76
in adults, bones completely replace themselves every ______ years
10
77
long bones examples
- femur
- humerus
78
short bones examples
- carpals
- tarsals
79
flat bones examples
- sternum
- scapula
- ilium
- cranium bones
80
irregular bones example
- vertebrae
81
the majority of bones are _________ bones
long
82
long bones have 2 parts:
1- diaphysis
2- epiphysis
83
diaphysis
central shaft and contains the medullary cavity
84
epiphysis
the wide portion at either end of bone; the head of the bone
85
articular cartilage covers the ___________
epiphysis
86
periosteum covers the _____________
diaphysis
87
the hard exterior of the bone is called ____________ or _____________
compact or cortical bone
88
what type of bone is found inside the bone
cancellous or spongy
89
bones have many projections and depressions called
processes
90
what processes allow for joint articulation
round, smooth
91
what processes provide muscle attachment points
rough
92
skeleton has 2 divisions
1- axial
2- appendicular
93
axial skeleton
contains bones of the
- head
- neck
- spine
- chest
- trunk
94
appendicular skeleton
contains the
- pectoral girdle
- upper extremities
- pelvic girdle
- lower extremities
95
the head/skull is divided into two parts
1- cranium
2- facial bones
96
the skull protects the
- brain
- eyes
- ears
- nasal cavity
- oral cavity
97
the cranium provides attachment for ___________ and ______________ muscles
chewing and head
98
the skull encases the brain and consists of the following bones
- frontal
- parietal
- temporal
- ethmoid
- occipital
99
facial bones
- mandible
- maxilla
- 2 zygomatic bones
- vomer
- palatine
- 2 nasal bones
- 2 lacrimal bones
100
cervical vertebrae
neck region; C1-C7
101
thoracic vertebrae
chest region; T1-T12
102
lumbar vertebrae
small of back; L1-L5
103
sacrum
base of the vertebral column
104
coccyx
3-5 vertebrae attached to the sacrum
105
12 pairs of ribs that attach to the vertebral column and are divided into
10 pairs= attach to sternum and are known as true ribs
2 lower pairs= do not attach to the sternum and are called floating ribs
106
pectoral girdle
attaches the upper extremities to the axial skeleton
107
pectoral girdle consists of
clavicle and the scapula
108
pelvic girdle is called the
os coxae, innominate bone, or the hipbone
109
pelvic girdle
attaches the lower extremity to the axial skeleton
110
pelvic girdle consists of
ilium, ischium, and pubis
111
3 types of joints
1- synovial joints
2- cartilaginous joints
3- fibrous joints
112
synovial joints
- freely moving
- most common type
- ball-and-socket joint
- contain a capsule lined with lubricant-secreting synovial membrane
- bones are held together by ligaments or strong bands of connective tissue
- common in the elbow, knee, and shoulder joint
113
cartilaginous joints
- slight movement
- hold bones firmly in place with a solid piece of cartilage
- pubic symphysis allows the pelvis to widen during childbirth
114
fibrous joints
- allow almost no movement
- joined by thick fibrous tissue that can fuse to bone
- sutures in the skull
115
-eal
pertaining to
116
-ectomy
surgical removal
117
-iatry
medical treatment
118
-listhesis
slipping
119
-ory
pertaining to
120
carpal
pertaining to the carpus
121
cervical
pertaining to the neck
122
clavicular
pertaining to the clavicle
123
coccygeal
pertaining to the coccyx
124
cortical
pertaining to the outer layer
125
costal
pertaining to the ribs
126
cranial
pertaining to the skull
127
femoral
pertaining to the femur
128
fibular
pertaining to the fibula
129
humeral
pertaining to the humerus
130
iliac
pertaining to the ilium
131
intervertebral
pertaining to the vertebrae
132
intracranial
pertaining to the inside of the skull
133
ischial
pertaining to the ischium
134
lumbar
pertaining to the low back
135
mandibular
pertaining to the mandible
136
maxillary
pertaining to the maxilla
137
medullary
pertaining to the inner region
138
metacarpal
pertaining to the metacarpus
139
metatarsal
pertaining to the metatarsus
140
patellar
pertaining to the patella
141
phalangeal
pertaining to the phalanges
142
pubic
pertaining to the pubis
143
radial
pertaining to the radius
144
sacral
pertaining to the sacrum
145
scapular
pertaining to the scapula
146
spinal
pertaining to the spine
147
sternal
pertaining to the sternum
148
tarsal
pertaining to the tarsus
149
thoracic
pertaining to the chest
150
tibial
pertaining to the tibia
151
ulnar
pertaining to the ulna
152
vertebral
pertaining to the vertebra
153
chiropractic
healthcare profession concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of malignment conditions of the spine and musculoskeletal system; bone doctor
154
orthopedics
branch of medicine specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions of the musculoskeletal system
155
orthotics
healthcare profession specializing in making orthopedic appliances such as braces and splints
156
podiatry
healthcare profession specializing in diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the feet and lower legs
157
prosthetics
healthcare profession specializing in making artificial body parts
158
rheumatology
branch of medicine specializing in diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal system and autoimmune conditions affecting the joints, muscles, and bones
159
arthralgia
joint pain
160
bursitis
inflammation of bursa
161
callus
mass of bone tissue that forms at fracture site during healing
162
chondromalacia
softening of the cartilage
163
crepitation
noise produced by bones or cartilage rubbing together
164
ostealgia
bone pain
165
synovitis
inflammation of synovial membrane
166
closed fracture/simple fracture
fracture with no open skin wound
167
comminuted fracture
fracture where bone is shattered, splintered, or crushed
168
compound fracture/open fracture
fracture with an open skin wound
169
compression fracture
fracture with loss of height in vertebral body; often from osteoporosis
170
fracture
broken bone
171
greenstick fracture
incomplete break; one side of bone is broken, the other is bent; common in children
172
impacted fracture
bone fragments are pushed into each other
173
oblique fracture
fracture at an angle to bone
174
pathologic fracture
fracture caused by diseased or weakened bone
175
spiral fracture
fracture line spirals around shaft of bone; often slower to heal
176
stress fracture
slight fracture caused by repetitive low-impact forces like running
177
transverse fracture
fracture straight across bone
178
avascular necrosis
abnormal condition of decay or death of bone
179
chondroma
tumor in cartilage; usually benign
180
Ewing's sarcoma
a cancerous tumor of shaft long bones; spreads through periosteum; amputation is necessary to prevent metastasis
181
exotosis
bone spur
182
osteochondroma
tumor, usually benign, consisting of both bone and cartilage tissue
183
osteogenic sarcoma
most common type of bone cancer; begins in osteocytes
184
osteoma
tumor found in bone tissue
185
osteomalacia
softening of bones caused by calcium deficiency; caused in children by in insufficient sunlight and vitamin D
186
osteomyelitis
inflammation of the bone and bone marrow
186
osteopathy
general term for bone disease
187
osteopenia
abnormal decrease in bone mass
188
osteophyte
a type of exostosis; this bony growth is usually found within a joint capsule
189
osteoporosis
decrease in bone mass; results in thinning and weakening of the bones; porous bone easily fractures
190
Paget disease
metabolic disease in bone; unknown cause; results in bone destruction and deformity
191
rickets
caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency; results in bone deformities like bowed legs
192
ankylosing spondylitis
inflammatory condition resembles rheumatoid arthritis; gradual stiffening and fusion of vertebrae
193
herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP)/ruptured disk
production of an intervertebral disk
194
kyphosis
abnormal increase in curve of thoracic spine; humpback
195
lordosis
abnormal increase in forward curvature of lumbar spine; swayback
196
scoliosis
lateral curve of spine
197
spina bifida
congenital anomaly; vertebra fails to fully form around spinal cord
198
spinal stenosis
narrowing of spinal canal; causes pressure on spinal cord and nerves
199
spondylolisthesis
forward sliding of a lumbar vertebra over a vertebra below it
200
spondylosis
general term for degenerative vertebral column condition
201
whiplash
cervical muscle and ligament sprain
202
adhesive capsulitis
limitation in the range of motion due to thickening caused by inflammation of the joint capsule
203
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
the anterior ligament is prone to being stretched, torn, or ruptured with trauma involving an abrupt change of direction
204
bunion
inflammation of bursa at base of great toe
205
dislocation
bones in the joint are displaced from the abnormal alignment
206
gout
type of arthritis presenting as pain and swelling, usually in the first metatarsophalangeal joint
207
osteoarthritis (OA)
results in degeneration of bone and joints; bone rubs against bone
208
prepatellar bursitis
swelling of bursa between patella and skin; seen in persons who kneel often
209
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
autoimmune inflammation of joints with swelling, stiffness, pain; results in joint deformities
210
sprain
damage to ligaments around the joint due to overstretching; no dislocation or fracture
211
sublaxation
incomplete dislocation; joint alignment is disrupted, but ends of bones remain in contact
212
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
autoimmune disease of connective tissue affecting many systems and may include joint pain; looks like rheumatoid arthritis
213
talipes
congenital deformity of ankle misalignment; clubfoot
214
arthrography
visualizing joint by x-ray after injecting contrast medium to joint
215
bone scan
nuclear medicine procedure; radioactive dye is used to visualize bones; useful for identifying stress fractures and metastasis
216
dual-energy absorptiometry (DXA)
measures bone density using low dose x-ray; detects osteoporosis
217
myeography
study of spinal column after injecting opaque contrast medium; useful for identifying herniated nucleus pulposus
218
radiography
uses x-rays to study internal structure of body; especially useful for visualizing bones and joints
219
arthroscopy
examining the interior of the joint with an arthroscope and a fiberoptic camera; a view of the joint interior appears on the monitor during the procedure
220
arthrocentesis
insertion of needle into joint cavity to remove fluid
221
orthotic
brace or splint used to prevent or correct deformities
222
prosthesis
artificial device or substitute for a missing or damaged body part
223
amputation
removal of a limb
224
anterior cruciate ligament repair
surgical repair of partially or completely torn anterior cruciate ligament
225
arthroclasia
forcibly breaking loose a fused joint
226
arthrodesis
stabilizing joint by fusing bones together
227
arthroscopic surgery
performing surgery while using an arthroscope
228
arthrotomy
cutting into a joint
229
bone graft
harvesting bone from one location to replace a bony defect in another location
230
bunionectomy
removal of the bursa at base of great toe
231
bursectomy
removal of a bursa
232
chondrectomy
removal of catilage
233
condroplasty
repair of cartilage
234
craniotomy
cutting into the skull
235
laminectomy
removal of posterior arch of vertebra to remove compression of a spinal nerve
236
meniscectomy
surgical removal of a meniscus
237
osteoclasia
intentional breaking of bone
238
osteotomy
cutting into a bone
239
percutaneous discectomy
tube is inserted into intervertebral disk to suck out rupture
240
percutaneous vertebroplasty
surgical removal of herniated or ruptured disk material
241
spinal fusion
surgical immobilization of adjacent vertebrae
242
synovectomy
removal of synovial membrane
243
total hip arthroplasty (THA)
implanting a prosthetic hip joint
244
total knee arthroplasty (TKA)
implanting a prosthetic knee joint
245
fixation
stabilizes fracture while it heals
246
reduction
realigning bone fragments of the fracture
247
traction
applying a pulling force on fracture or dislocation to restore alignment
248
bone reabsorption inhibitors
reduce the reabsorption of bone; treats osteoporosis and Paget's disease
249
calcium supplements and vitamin D therapy
supplements that maintain bone density; treat osteomalacia, osteoporosis, and rickets
250
corticosteroids
have strong anti-inflammatory properties; treat rheumatoid arthritis
251
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
provide mild pain relief and anti-inflammatory benefits; treat arthritis
252
C1, C2,etc.
first cervical vertebra, etc.
253
Ca
calcium
254
FX, Fx
fracture
255
LE
lower extremity
256
LLE
left lower extremity
257
LUE
left upper extremity
258
OA
osteoarthritis
259
Orth, ortho
orthopedics
260
P
phosphorus
261
RA
rheumatoid arthritis
262
ROM
range of motion
263
RUE
right upper extremity
264
SLE
systematic lupus erythematosus
265
T1, T2, etc.
first thoracic vertebra, etc.
266
THA
total hip arthroplasty
267
THR
total hip replacement
268
TKA
total knee arthroplasty
269
TKR
total knee replacement
270
UE
upper extremity
271
cleid/o
clavicle
272
duct/o
to bring
273
extens/o
to stretch out
274
fasci/o
fibrous band
275
fibr/o
fibers
276
flex/o
to bend
277
kinesi/o
movement
278
muscul/o
muscle
279
my/o
muscle
280
myos/o
muscle
281
plant/o
sole of foot
282
rotat/o
to revolve
283
ten/o
tendon
284
tend/o
tendon
285
tendin/o
tendon
286
vers/o
to turn
287
-asthenia
weakness
288
-ion
action, condition
289
-kinesia
movement
290
-tonia
tone
291
-trophic
pertaining to development
292
ab-
away from
293
ad-
toward
294
circum-
around
295
e-
outward
296
abduction
movement away from midline of body
297
adduction
movement toward midline of body
298
flexion
act of bending or being bent
299
extension
brings limb into a straight condition
300
dorsiflexion
backward bending foot
301
plantar flexion
bending sole of foot; pointing toes
302
eversion
turning outward
303
inversion
turning inward
304
pronation
turning palm downward
305
supination
turning palm upward
306
elevation
to raise
307
depression
to drop down
308
circumduction
act of leading in a circular direction from a central point as if drawing a large, imaginary circle
309
opposition
moving thumb away from palm; the ability to move the thumb into contact with the other fingers
310
rotation
act of revolving around a central axis
311
carp/o
wrist
312
electr/o
electricity
313
fasci/o
fibrous band
314
fibr/o
fibers
315
-al
pertaining to
316
-algia
pain
317
-ar
pertaining to
318
-asthenia
weakness
319
-desis
to fuse
320
-dynia
pain
321
-gram
record
322
-graphy
process of recording
323
-itis
inflammation
324
-kinesia
movement
325
-logy
study of
326
-opsy
view of
327
-otomy
cutting into
328
-ous
pertaining to
329
-pathy
disease
330
-plasty
surgical repair
331
-rrhaphy
suture
332
-rrhexis
rupture
333
-tonia
tone
334
-trophic
pertaining to development
335
-trophy
development
336
a-
without
337
brady-
slow
338
dys-
abnormal, painful, difficult
339
epi-
above
340
hyper-
excessive
341
hypo-
insufficient
342
poly-
many
343
pseudo-
false
344
re-
again
345
ultra-
beyond
346
fascial
pertaining to fascia
347
fibrous
pertaining to fascia
348
muscular
pertaining to muscles
349
musculoskeletal
pertaining to muscles and skeleton
350
tendinous
pertaining to tendons
351
kinesiology
the science that studies movement, how it is produced, and the muscles involved
352
adhesion
scar tissue in the fascia
353
atonia
lack of muscle tone
354
atrophy
poor muscle development
355
bradykinesia
having slow movements
356
cronacture
abnormal shortening of muscle fibers, tendons, or fascia
357
dyskinesia
having difficult or abnormal movements
358
dystonia
having abnormal muscle tone
359
hyperkinesia
having an excessive amount of movement
360
hypertonia
having excessive muscle tone
361
hypertrophy
increase in muscle bulk from use
362
hypokinesia
having insufficient amount of movement
363
hypotonia
having insufficient muscle tone
364
myalgia
muscle pain
365
myasthenia
muscle weakness
366
myotonia
muscle tone
367
spasm
sudden, involuntary, strong muscle contraction
368
tenodynia
tendon pain
369
fibromyalgia
widespread aching and pain in muscles and soft tissue
370
lateral epicondylitis
inflammation of elbow muscles
371
muscular dystrophy (MD)
inherited disease with progressive muscle atrophy
372
myopathy
general term for muscle disease
373
myorrhexis
tearing a muscle
374
necrotizing fasciitis (NF)
infection that results in death of the soft tissue
375
polymyositis
inflammation of two or more muscles
376
pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy
one type of inherited muscular dystrophy
377
carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
repetitive motion disorder; compression of finger tendons and median nerve as they pass through carpal tunnel of the wrist
378
tendinitis
inflammation of a tendon
379
creatine kinase (CK)
blood test for the presence of muscle enzymes found in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle
380
deep tendon reflexes (DTR)
muscle contraction in response to stretch
381
electromyogram
hardcopy record produced by EMG
382
electromyography (EMG)
study of strength and quality of muscle contraction in response to electrical stimulation
383
fasciotomy
surgically cutting into fascia
384
myoplasty
surgical repair of the muscle
385
myorrhaphy
procedure to suture together a muscle
386
tendoplasty
surgical repair of a tendon
387
tendotomy
procedure to cut into a tendon
388
tenodesis
surgical stabilization of a joint by anchoring down tendons of muscles that move the joint
389
tenoplasty
surgical repair of a tendon
390
tenorrhaphy
procedure to suture together a tendon
391
CK
creatine kinase
392
CPK
creatine phosphokinase
393
CTS
carpal tunnel syndrome
394
DTR
deep tendon reflexes
395
EMG
electromyogram
396
IM
intramuscular
397
MD
muscular dystrophy
398
NF
necrotizing fasciitis
