Chapter 14: 2nd Industrial Revolution

Question 1

bessemer process

Answer 1

“air boiling”; purified steel to make America the world’s top producer; super hot air to take impurities out

Question 2

Henry Bessemer

Answer 2

Bessemer process

Question 3

Edwin L. Drake

Answer 3

first commercial oil well

Question 4

wildcatters

Answer 4

oil prospectors

Question 5

capitalism

Answer 5

competition determines price and wages

Question 6

laissez faire

Answer 6

capitalism with no government intervention

Question 7

social darwinism

Answer 7

Charles Darwin; applied to society; stronger businesses survive, weaker fail

Question 8

proprietorship

Answer 8

small business; one person

Question 9

partnership

Answer 9

two or more people involved in the company; all liable

Question 10

corporation

Answer 10

businesses owned by stockholders; board of directors

Question 11

monopoly and trust

Answer 11

companies merge; board or trustees who run as single entity; complete control of industry

Question 12

John D. Rockefeller

Answer 12

vertical and horizontal integration; oil company

Question 13

vertigal integration

Answer 13

own every step of the process

Question 14

horizontal integration

Answer 14

only own one step of the process

Question 15

Andrew Carnegie

Answer 15

used profits from businesses to do his company; steel company; vertical integration; Gospel of Wealth (wealthy help less fortunate)

Question 16

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Answer 16

investing in railroads; New York Central; 4,500 miles of track by the height of his career; donated 1 million to university

Question 17

George Pullman

Answer 17

made sleeper cars; built town south of Chicago to house workers to make happier

Question 18

George Westinghouse

Answer 18

invented train air brakes; made ac in the household; formed electricity and manufacturing company

Question 19

Phillip Armor

Answer 19

investor in meat packing; head of Armors Company

Question 20

duPont

Answer 20

began as gunpowder manufacturer; hierarchal managerial structure; shifted to chemicals, textiles, and kevlar

Question 21

kevlar

Answer 21

stabproof fabric

Question 22

Gustaves Franklin Swift

Answer 22

began as butcher; refrigerated train cars; advertised to win public confidence; 1st of antitrust prosecutors for price fixing

Question 23

Milton Hershey

Answer 23

failed 3 times as a candy maker; Lancaster Caramel Company; sold company of chocolate factory for milk chocolate; formed Hershey, PA

Question 24

J P Morgan

Answer 24

joined Vanderbilt and secured seat in NYCBOD; merge of Edison General Electric and Thomas-Houston Company; money maker for all the other rich people

Question 25

Alexander Grahm Bell

Answer 25

worked with Thomas Edison; Bell telephone company; graphite and metal detector invention

Question 26

robber barons

Answer 26

what middle class referred the rich people as

Question 27

captains of industry

Answer 27

what rich people referred to other rich people as

Question 28

mass marketing

Answer 28

Sears; anything you need in one store

Question 29

hands-off policy

Answer 29

government couldn't interfere with the business

Question 30

Sherman Antitrust Act

Answer 30

illegal to form trusts that interfere with trade

Question 31

unions

Answer 31

group of workers that got together to protest for better working conditions

Question 32

Knights of Labor

Answer 32

1869; campaigned for reforms; Terrence V Powderly; unskilled and skilled workers

Question 33

Great Railroad Strike

Answer 33

1877; state militia called out; first strike

Question 34

Haymarket Riot

Answer 34

1886; group of the Haymarket Square in Chicago protesting peacefully; bomb thrown; 8 men charged who weren't there

Question 35

xenophobia

Answer 35

fear of foreigners

Question 36

American Federation of Labor

Answer 36

forced employees to sign saying not to start unions; Samuel Gomners; only skilled laborers

Question 37

blacklisted

Answer 37

can't get a job in town; called to other factories dirty talking employee

Question 38

scabs

Answer 38

people trying to go to work during a strike to get other people's jobs

Question 39

Homestead Strike

Answer 39

PA; manager tried to lock out workers; Carnegie Steel; 14 hour battle and 14 deaths; state militia called to resolve problem

Question 40

Pullman Strike

Answer 40

cut wages by 25%; Eugene V Debs; Cleveland called federal troops; kept rent same price but lowered wages

Question 41

streetcars

Answer 41

pulled by horses; San Fransisco

Question 42

Wilbur and Orville Wright

Answer 42

airplanes; first to fly an airplane; Kitty Hawk; 12 seconds

Question 43

Samuel Morse

Answer 43

morse code; inventor of the telegraph

Question 44

Christopher Latham Sholes

Answer 44

OWERTY keyboard; typewriter

Question 45

Thomas Eddison

Answer 45

almost deaf by 12; think in park with other inventors; Menlo Park, NJ