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American history > Chapter 21 and 22 Reading > Flashcards

Chapter 21 and 22 Reading Flashcards

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1
Q

roaring 20’s

A

republican decade; supported republicans by electing Hoover

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2
Q

republican presidents

A

led the nation and took credit for the good economic times

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3
Q

American farmers

A

borrowed money to buy land and machinery to increase the harvest yields during WW1; still producing large harvests; problems worsened during the depression

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4
Q

demand for American crops

A

fell after the war

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5
Q

cheap food

A

flooded the markets lowering farmers profits and making debt harder to pay off

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6
Q

industrial workers

A

wages rose steadily; did better than farmers

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7
Q

owners of companies

A

did even better than industrial workers; became very rich

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8
Q

1929 percentage

A

wealthiest .01% of the population earned about the same amount of money as the bottom 42%

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9
Q

easy credit meant many workers

A

took advantage to buy products; disguised the problem and helped the economy grow

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10
Q

1929 too much money was

A

being poured into stock speculation

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11
Q

investors

A

borrowed money to buy stocks then sold them to turn a quick profit

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12
Q

inflating the prices of stocks

A

led to frantic buying and selling; unrealistic levels

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13
Q

sharp drop in stock prices

A

led to panicked selling

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14
Q

black Tuesday

A

Oct 29, 1929; stock market crashes and stock prices bottomed

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15
Q

stock market crash marked the beginning

A

of the Great Depression

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16
Q

the Great Depression

A

period lasting from 1929 to 1941; US economy faltered and unemployment soared; thousands of banks closed and many businesses failed; cities and minorities hit hardest

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17
Q

Hawley-Smoot tariff

A

government tried to boost the sale of American goods; placed high taxes on foreign goods; result was closed markets and unsold goods; destroyed international trade

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18
Q

bread line

A

people lined up for handouts from charities or public agencies

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19
Q

Hoovervilles

A

makeshift shantytowns of tents and shacks built on public land or vacant lots

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20
Q

tenant farmers

A

working for bigger land owners rather than for themselves

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21
Q

severe drought and over farming

A

turned soil to dust on the Great Plains; made farming impossible and creating huge dust storms

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22
Q

dust bowl

A

high plain regions in Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, New Mexico, and Colorado; many farmers left and moved to California for work

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23
Q

Okies

A

dust bowl refugees from California

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24
Q

African American sharecroppers

A

thrown off the land they were working on and migrated north

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25
repatriations
government efforts to send Mexico immigrants and their American children back to Mexico; southwest white Americans urged it
26
Herbert Hoover
president; struggled to respond to the nation's problems; felt the government shouldn't interfere with what he thought was the natural downswing of the business cycle; volunteerism; later called in the military on the bonus army
27
volunteerism
Hoover asked business leaders not to cut prices and wages; government to simultaneously reduce taxes, lower interest rates, and create public-works programs; wealthy to give to poor through charities
28
localism
asked the state and local governments to provide more jobs and relief measures; businesses instead cut wages and laid off workers
29
towns, states, and charities
didn't have the resources to respond to the crisis; charities ran low on money
30
trickle-down economics
government would provide loans to bankers so they in turn could lend money to businesses; then hire workers, leading to the increase production and consumption and the end of the depression
31
reconstruction finance corporation
RFC; provide loans to businesses; businesses that did receive loans didn't always use them to hire workers
32
Hoover Dam
Colorado River; brought much-needed employment to the southwest in the early 1930's
33
bonus army
group of almost 20 thousand unemployed WW1 veterans; marched in protest and set up camps in Washington, DC; wanted early payment of a bonus promised them; congress agreed; Hoover vetoed
34
general Douglas MacArthur
led army troops against the veterans
35
FDR
won the presidency by more than 7 million votes; lost the use of his legs to polio; congress passed 15 bills; used the legislation passed by the 2nd new deal to accomplish the goals of promoting the general welfare and protecting citizen's rights
36
Eleanor Roosevelt
became FDR's eyes and ears during his presidency; transformed the office of the First Lady to a politically active position; traveled extensively and advocated equal justice for all
37
first new deal
first 15 bills; 3 goals; relief, recovery, and reform; brought fundamental changes to the nation
38
relief
referred to improving the immediate hardships of the depression; immediate effort involved the government paying farmers subsides to reduce production; move that helped raise farm prices
39
recovery aimed at
achieving a long-term economic recovery
40
reform
designed to prevent further depressions
41
Tennessee valley authorities
TVA; build dams in the Tennessee river valley to control floods and generate electric power, and the creation of the CCC
42
civillian conservation corps
CCC: provided jobs for more than 2 million young men; replanted forests, built trails, dug irrigation ditches, and fought fires
43
recovery efforts; 2
national recovery administration; NRA; public works administration; PWA
44
national recovery administration
NRA; developed industry codes that set minimum wages for workers and minimum prices for goods
45
public works administration
PWA; created millions of new jobs, constructing bridges, dams, power plants, and government buildings
46
federal deposit insurance corporation
FDIC; insured bank deposits
47
securities exchange commission
SEC; regulated the stock market
48
FDIC and SEC
reformed the nations financial institutions
49
some Americans
thought the new deal made the government too powerful
50
other Americans
thought the new deal didn't provide enough help to citizens; strongest criticism came from individuals with roots in the Populist movement
51
Father Charles Coughlin
Roman Catholic priest who aired increasingly angry views on a weekly radio show; Roman Catholic officials forced Coughlin to stop his broadcasts
52
Senator Huey Long
Louisiana; proposed placing high taxes on wealthy Americans so their income could be redistributed to the poor
53
works progress administration
WPA; provide new jobs doing public works; provided programs to employ displaced artists; government paid for programs by spending money it didn't have; allowed people of varied backgrounds to get to know one another, breaking down regional and ethnic prejudice
54
John Maynard Keynes
British economist; argued that such deficit spending was needed to end the depression
55
social security act
created pension system for retirees, as well as unemployment insurance for workers who lost their jobs and aid for the disabled
56
new programs and laws aided
farmers and industrial workers
57
rural electrification administration
helped bring electricity to farms
58
Wagner act
gave workers the right to collective bargaining
59
collective bargaining
employers had to negotiate with unions about hours, wages, and other working conditions
60
fair labor standards act
established a minimum wage and a maximum number of hours for the workweek; outlawed child labor
61
congress of industrial organizations
CIO; established to organize workers in major industries; members staged a sit-down strike against General Motors refusing to leave the workplace until a settlement had been reached
62
success in sit-down against General Motors
led to other strikes, which improved wages and working conditions for union members
63
supreme court
FDR faced struggles; struck down a number of the key laws in the new deal
64
court packing
dilute the power of the 6 justices; FDR asked congress to add 6 new justices to the 9 member court
65
new economic downturn in 1938
FDR chose not to try to force more reforms through congress
66
secretary of labor Frances Perkins
first female cabinet member; played a leading role in establishing social security and minimum wages
67
African American leaders
FDR invited to advise him
68
black cabinet
unofficial advisers of FDR
69
Mary McLeod Bethune
member of the black cabinet; powerful champion of racial equality
70
Indian new deal
program to help American Indians by providing funding for the construction of new schools and hospitals
71
Indian reorganization act
restored tribal control of American Indian lands
72
bureau of Indian affairs
stopped discouraging the practice of traditional American Indian customs
73
new deal coalition
FDR united a culturally diverse group of Americans into a strong political force; gave the Democratic Party a sizable majority in both houses of congress; unify the nation
74
new deal programs increased
size and scope of the federal government like never before
75
government assumed the responsibility for
providing for the welfare of children and the poor, elderly, sick, disabled, and unemployed; led to the rise of a welfare state
76
expanding role of the government included
creation of many federal agencies; gave the executive branch much more power
77
22nd amendment
limited the president to 2 consecutive terms in office
78
large network radios
dominated the airwaves
79
movies were a form of
escapism during the Great Depression as American sought relief from their concern
80
the wizard of oz
promised wearily audiences that their dreams really could come true
81
many films reflected
public's distrust of big businesses and the government
82
films of Frank Capra
celebrated American idealism and the triumph of the common man over adversity
83
fireside radio chats
FDR used; to explain his new deal programs
84
national radio networks broadcast
dramas, comedies, soap operas, and variety shows
85
war of the worlds movie
many people believed the martians were actually invading
86
music
swing music played by big bands
87
blues singers
focused on the harsh conditions faced by African Americans
88
Woody Guthrie
wrote ballads about the Oakies
89
federal art project
government funded arts for the first time; artists painted huge murals on walls
90
Dorothea Lange
documented the plight of America's farmers
91
writers produced
novels featuring working-class heroes
92
the grapes of wrath
John Steinbeck; fictional Joad family from the Oklahoma dust bowl to California
93
Lilian Hellman
wrote several plays featuring strong roles for women as well as scnreeplans for movies

American history (25 decks)

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