Steroid hormones
Made from lipids. Created in the gonads and the outer region of the adrenal glands
Growth hormone (GH)
Promotes growth of all tissue. Also called somatotropin
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Stimulates thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones
Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)
Stimulates adrenal cortex to produce cortical hormones. Aids in protecting the body in stress situations.
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Stimulates growth and hormonal activity of ovarian follicles. Stimulates growth of testes. Promotes sperm cell development.
Luteinizing hormones (LH)
Causes development of corpus luteum at site of ruptured ovarian follicle in female; stimulates testosterone secretion in males.
Prolactin (PRL)
Stimulates milk secretion in mammary glands.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Promotes water reabsorption is kidney tubules; causes blood vessels to constrict
Oxytocin
Causes uterine contractions; causes milk ejection from mammary glands
Thyroxine; tetraiodothryonine (T4) triiodothyronine(T3)
Increases metabolic rate and heat production; influencing both physical and mental activities; required for normal growth
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Regulates calcium exchange between blood and bones; increases blood calcium levels.
Cortisol
Aids in metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Active during stress
Aldosterone
Aids in regulating electrolytes and water balance
Sex hormones
May influence secondary sexual characteristics
Insulin
Aids in glucose transport into cells; required for cellular metabolism of nutrients; especially glucose. Decreases blood glucose levels.
Glucagon
Stimulates liver to release glucose thereby increasing glucose levels.
Melatonin
Regulates mood, sexual development and daily cycles in response to environmental light
Testosterone
Stimulates growth and development of sexual organs plus development of secondary sexual characteristics. Stimulates maturation of sperm cells.
Estrogen
Stimulates growth of primary sexual organs and development of secondary sexual characteristics.
Progesterone
Prepares uterine lining for implantation of fertilized ovum; aids in maintaining pregnancy; stimulates development of mammary glands secretory tissue
Pituitary gland (hypophysis)
Small gland beneath the brain. Divided into anterior (adenohyphosis) and posterior lobe (neurohyphosis)
Hypothalamus
Part of the brain that regulates homeostasis. Controls both lobes of the pituitary gland.
Anterior pituitary
Produces 6 hormones including growth hormone. Remainder regulate other glands
Posterior pituitary
Releases 2 hormones that are actually made in the hypothalamus. Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin.
Thyroid gland
Consists of two lobes on either side of the larynx and upper trachea. Connected by narrow band called an isthmus. Secretes a mixture of hormones. (T4, T3)
TBG
Thyroid binding globulin. Binds thyroid hormones in blood to proteins.
Parathyroid gland
On posterior surface of the thyroid. Affects calcium metabolism.
Adrenal gland
Located above the kidneys. Divided into two distinct regions. Outer cortex and inner medulla.
Adrenal cortex
Produces steroid hormones. Cortisol, aldosterone, sex hormones
Adrenal medulla
Inner region. Produces epinephrine in response to stress.
Pancreas
Produce two hormones. Insulin and glucagon in response to blood glucose levels.
Pineal gland
Regulates mood, daily rhythms, and sexual development. Secretes melatonin.
Thymus
Secretes thymosin that aids in development of immune systems T cells. Upper chest above the heart.
Prostaglandins
Group of hormones produced by many cells. Many functions. Uterine contractions, blood pressure, vasomotor effects.
Endocrin/o
Endocrine gland or system
Pituitar/I
Pituitary gland, hypophysis
Hypophysi/o
Pituitary gland, hypophysis
Thry/o, thyroid/o
Thyroid gland
Parathyr/o, parathyroid/o
Parathyroid gland
Adren/o, adrenal/o
Adrenal gland, epinephrine
Adrenocortic/o
Adrenal cortex
Insul/o
Pancreatic islets
Adenoma
Glandular tumor. Usually increases secretion if growth hormone or adrenocorticotropic hormone.
Excess growth hormone is called
Gigantism in children. Acromegaly in adults
Cushing syndrome
Excess ACTH
Panhypopituitarism
Pituitary hypofunction. Causes dwarfism.
Diabetes insipidus
Lack of ADH. Kidneys have a decreased ability to conserve water.
Diabetes insipidus symptoms
Polyuria, polydipsia. Not to be confused with diabetes mellitus.
Congenital hypothyroidism
Deficiency of thyroid hormone in infancy. Causes physical and mental retardation. Also called infantile hypothyroidism.
Adult hypothyroidism
Caused commonly by autoimmune destruction of the thyroid. Weight gain, lethargy, rough dry skin, hair loss and facial swelling.
Graves’ disease
Hyperthyroidism. Antibodies stimulate increased production of thyroid hormone. Weight loss, irritability, hand tremor, tachycardia, exopthalamos.
Addison disease
Hypofunction of the adrenal cortex. Usually caused by autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex. Water loss, low blood pressure, electrolyte imbalance along with weakness, nausea and increase in brown pigmentation.
Cushing syndrome
Excess adrenal cortical hormones. Patients have moon shaped faces, obesity localized in the torso, weakness, excess hair growth (hirsutism).
Cushing disease
Disorder caused by pituitary tumor that increases ACTH production.
Diabetes mellitus
Failure of the body cells to use glucose effectively. Causes hyperglycemia. Excess urination, polydipsia, polyphagia, weakness, and weight loss.
Hyperglycemia
Excess glucose in the blood
Glycosuria
Effort to eliminate glucose in urine via polyuria.
Type 1 Diabetes
Often caused by autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic islet cells. Abrupt onset. Usually in children and teenagers.
Type 2 Diabetes
90% of diabetes cases. Cellular resistance to insulin. Causes overproduction of insulin leading to failure of the cells. Mostly linked to obesity.
