Chapter 16 - The Endocrine System

Question 1

Steroid hormones

Answer 1

Made from lipids. Created in the gonads and the outer region of the adrenal glands

Question 2

Growth hormone (GH)

Answer 2

Promotes growth of all tissue. Also called somatotropin

Question 3

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Answer 3

Stimulates thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones

Question 4

Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)

Answer 4

Stimulates adrenal cortex to produce cortical hormones. Aids in protecting the body in stress situations.

Question 5

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer 5

Stimulates growth and hormonal activity of ovarian follicles. Stimulates growth of testes. Promotes sperm cell development.

Question 6

Luteinizing hormones (LH)

Answer 6

Causes development of corpus luteum at site of ruptured ovarian follicle in female; stimulates testosterone secretion in males.

Question 7

Prolactin (PRL)

Answer 7

Stimulates milk secretion in mammary glands.

Question 8

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer 8

Promotes water reabsorption is kidney tubules; causes blood vessels to constrict

Question 9

Oxytocin

Answer 9

Causes uterine contractions; causes milk ejection from mammary glands

Question 10

Thyroxine; tetraiodothryonine (T4) triiodothyronine(T3)

Answer 10

Increases metabolic rate and heat production; influencing both physical and mental activities; required for normal growth

Question 11

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Answer 11

Regulates calcium exchange between blood and bones; increases blood calcium levels.

Question 12

Cortisol

Answer 12

Aids in metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Active during stress

Question 13

Aldosterone

Answer 13

Aids in regulating electrolytes and water balance

Question 14

Sex hormones

Answer 14

May influence secondary sexual characteristics

Question 15

Insulin

Answer 15

Aids in glucose transport into cells; required for cellular metabolism of nutrients; especially glucose. Decreases blood glucose levels.

Question 16

Glucagon

Answer 16

Stimulates liver to release glucose thereby increasing glucose levels.

Question 17

Melatonin

Answer 17

Regulates mood, sexual development and daily cycles in response to environmental light

Question 18

Testosterone

Answer 18

Stimulates growth and development of sexual organs plus development of secondary sexual characteristics. Stimulates maturation of sperm cells.

Question 19

Estrogen

Answer 19

Stimulates growth of primary sexual organs and development of secondary sexual characteristics.

Question 20

Progesterone

Answer 20

Prepares uterine lining for implantation of fertilized ovum; aids in maintaining pregnancy; stimulates development of mammary glands secretory tissue

Question 21

Pituitary gland (hypophysis)

Answer 21

Small gland beneath the brain. Divided into anterior (adenohyphosis) and posterior lobe (neurohyphosis)

Question 22

Hypothalamus

Answer 22

Part of the brain that regulates homeostasis. Controls both lobes of the pituitary gland.

Question 23

Anterior pituitary

Answer 23

Produces 6 hormones including growth hormone. Remainder regulate other glands

Question 24

Posterior pituitary

Answer 24

Releases 2 hormones that are actually made in the hypothalamus. Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin.

Question 25

Thyroid gland

Answer 25

Consists of two lobes on either side of the larynx and upper trachea. Connected by narrow band called an isthmus. Secretes a mixture of hormones. (T4, T3)

Question 26

TBG

Answer 26

Thyroid binding globulin. Binds thyroid hormones in blood to proteins.

Question 27

Parathyroid gland

Answer 27

On posterior surface of the thyroid. Affects calcium metabolism.

Question 28

Adrenal gland

Answer 28

Located above the kidneys. Divided into two distinct regions. Outer cortex and inner medulla.

Question 29

Adrenal cortex

Answer 29

Produces steroid hormones. Cortisol, aldosterone, sex hormones

Question 30

Adrenal medulla

Answer 30

Inner region. Produces epinephrine in response to stress.

Question 31

Pancreas

Answer 31

Produce two hormones. Insulin and glucagon in response to blood glucose levels.

Question 32

Pineal gland

Answer 32

Regulates mood, daily rhythms, and sexual development. Secretes melatonin.

Question 33

Thymus

Answer 33

Secretes thymosin that aids in development of immune systems T cells. Upper chest above the heart.

Question 34

Prostaglandins

Answer 34

Group of hormones produced by many cells. Many functions. Uterine contractions, blood pressure, vasomotor effects.

Question 35

Endocrin/o

Answer 35

Endocrine gland or system

Question 36

Pituitar/I

Answer 36

Pituitary gland, hypophysis

Question 37

Hypophysi/o

Answer 37

Pituitary gland, hypophysis

Question 38

Thry/o, thyroid/o

Answer 38

Thyroid gland

Question 39

Parathyr/o, parathyroid/o

Answer 39

Parathyroid gland

Question 40

Adren/o, adrenal/o

Answer 40

Adrenal gland, epinephrine

Question 41

Adrenocortic/o

Answer 41

Adrenal cortex

Question 42

Insul/o

Answer 42

Pancreatic islets

Question 43

Adenoma

Answer 43

Glandular tumor. Usually increases secretion if growth hormone or adrenocorticotropic hormone.

Question 44

Excess growth hormone is called

Answer 44

Gigantism in children. Acromegaly in adults

Question 45

Cushing syndrome

Answer 45

Excess ACTH

Question 46

Panhypopituitarism

Answer 46

Pituitary hypofunction. Causes dwarfism.

Question 47

Diabetes insipidus

Answer 47

Lack of ADH. Kidneys have a decreased ability to conserve water.

Question 48

Diabetes insipidus symptoms

Answer 48

Polyuria, polydipsia. Not to be confused with diabetes mellitus.

Question 49

Congenital hypothyroidism

Answer 49

Deficiency of thyroid hormone in infancy. Causes physical and mental retardation. Also called infantile hypothyroidism.

Question 50

Adult hypothyroidism

Answer 50

Caused commonly by autoimmune destruction of the thyroid. Weight gain, lethargy, rough dry skin, hair loss and facial swelling.

Question 51

Graves’ disease

Answer 51

Hyperthyroidism. Antibodies stimulate increased production of thyroid hormone. Weight loss, irritability, hand tremor, tachycardia, exopthalamos.

Question 52

Addison disease

Answer 52

Hypofunction of the adrenal cortex. Usually caused by autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex. Water loss, low blood pressure, electrolyte imbalance along with weakness, nausea and increase in brown pigmentation.

Question 53

Cushing syndrome

Answer 53

Excess adrenal cortical hormones. Patients have moon shaped faces, obesity localized in the torso, weakness, excess hair growth (hirsutism).

Question 54

Cushing disease

Answer 54

Disorder caused by pituitary tumor that increases ACTH production.

Question 55

Diabetes mellitus

Answer 55

Failure of the body cells to use glucose effectively. Causes hyperglycemia. Excess urination, polydipsia, polyphagia, weakness, and weight loss.

Question 56

Hyperglycemia

Answer 56

Excess glucose in the blood

Question 57

Glycosuria

Answer 57

Effort to eliminate glucose in urine via polyuria.

Question 58

Type 1 Diabetes

Answer 58

Often caused by autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic islet cells. Abrupt onset. Usually in children and teenagers.

Question 59

Type 2 Diabetes

Answer 59

90% of diabetes cases. Cellular resistance to insulin. Causes overproduction of insulin leading to failure of the cells. Mostly linked to obesity.