Chapter 18 - Blood

Question 1

Hematocrit

Answer 1

Take blood Centrifuge Separate out plasma, RBC and WBC

Question 2

Distribution functions of blood

Answer 2

Deliver oxygen, hormones, and nutrients Remove waste CO2 to lungs Waste to Kidneys

Question 3

Regulation Functions of Blood

Answer 3

Homeostatic regulation Adequate fluid volume Buffer for body pH

Question 4

Protection Functions

Answer 4

WBC, external bacteria, mutated DNA, virus infected body cells, prevent blood loss, prevent infection

Question 5

What is Plasma Made of

Answer 5

10% Proteins (60% Albumins) 90% Water, globulins, fibrinogen, electrolytes

Question 6

Formed Elements

Answer 6

WBC - whole cell RBC - no organelles or nuclei Platelets Bone Marrow

Question 7

RBC

Answer 7

erythrocytes - biconcave discs, anucleate, no organells, filled with hemoglobin (Hb), protein spectrin for flexiblity

Question 8

Hemoglobin

Answer 8

Globin composed of 4 polypeptide chains Heme bonded to each globin (red) each Hb can transport 4 O2

Question 9

Oxyhemoglobin

Answer 9

Loaded O2 (ruby Red)

Question 10

Deoxyhemoglobin

Answer 10

Empty O2 (Dark Red)

Question 11

Carbaminohemoglobin

Answer 11

Loaded CO2

Question 12

Hematopoiesis

Answer 12

Blood Cell Production

Question 13

Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Answer 13

Hemocytoblasts (All Formed Elements) Cells from red marrow enter blood sinusoids

Question 14

Steps of Erythropoiesis

Answer 14

Myeloid Stem Cell Proerythroblast (commited RBC) Basophillic Erythroblast (ribosome synthesis) Polychromatic Erythroblast (Hb accumulation) Orthochromatic Erythroblast (Hb accumulation) Reticulocyte (ejection of nucleus) Enter blood stream and become mature RBC

Question 15

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Answer 15

Stimulates RBC Production hormone from kidney

Question 16

Hypoxia

Answer 16

Decreased RBC numbers due to hemorrhage or increased destruction Insufficient hemoglobin per RBC Reduced availability of O2

Question 17

Recycled RBC parts

Answer 17

Iron salvaged for reuse Heme degraded to bilirubin which is secreted into intestines Globin metabolized into amino acids

Question 18

Leukocytes

Answer 18

1% of total blood volume Defense against disease

Question 19

Diapedesis

Answer 19

Leukocytes leaving capillaries

Question 20

Types of Leukocytes

Answer 20

Granulocytes 1) Neutrophils 4) Eosinophils 5) Basophils Agranulocytes 2) Lymphocytes 3) Monocytes

Question 21

Neutrophil

Answer 21

• Most numerous WBCs
• Granules stain lilac; contain defensins
• 3-6 lobes in nucleus; twice size of RBCs
• Very phagocytic

Question 22

Basophil

Answer 22

• Rarest WBCs
• Nucleus deep purple with 1-2 constrictions
• Large, purplish-black granules contain histamine
• Similar to mast cells

Question 23

Eosinophil

Answer 23

• Red-staining granules
• Bilobed nucleus
• Granules lysosome-like
• Role in allergies and asthma
• Role in modulating immune response

Question 24

Lymphocyte

Answer 24

• Second most numerous WBC
• Large, dark-purple, circular nuclei with thin rim of blue cytoplasm
• Mostly in lymphoid tissue
• Crucial to immunity

Question 25

Monocyte

Answer 25

* Largest leukocytes * Abundant pale-blue cytoplasm * Dark purple-staining, U- or kidney-shaped nuclei * Actively phagocytic cells

Question 26

Leukopenia

Answer 26

Abnormally low WBC Count

Question 27

Leukemias

Answer 27

Cancer, many abnormal WBC Myeloid Leukemia Lymphocytic Leukemia Acute Leukemia = stem cells (kids) Chronic Leukemia = older ppl

Question 28

Mononucleosis

Answer 28

contagious viral disease Epstein-Barr virus high # of atypical agranulocytes

Question 29

Platelets

Answer 29

Fragments of Megakaryocytes granules containing serotonin, Ca2+, enzymes, ADP, platelet-derived growth factor (act in clotting) Formation regulated by thrombopoietin

Question 30

Steps of Hemostasis

Answer 30

1. Smooth muscle contracts causing vasoconstriction 2. Platelet plug formation, platelets adhere to collagen fibers 3. platelets release chemicals that make nearby platelets sticky 4. Coagulation - fibrin forms a mesh that traps red blood cells and platelets forming a clot

Question 31

Thrombus

Answer 31

Clot in Unbroken blood vessel

Question 32

Embolus

Answer 32

clot in bloodstream

Question 33

Embolism

Answer 33

Clot obstructing a vessel

Question 34

Anticoagulant Drugs

Answer 34

Asprin Heparin Warfarin Dabigatran

Question 35

Thrombocytopenia

Answer 35

Deficient number of circulating platelets

Question 36

Petechiae

Answer 36

appear due to hemorrhage due to destruction of red bone marrow, treated with transfusion of platelets