Chapter 1 Flashcards by Kristen Beatty

Anatomy

The scientific study of the body’s structures

Macroscopic vs microscopic

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Regional anatomy

The study of interrelationships of all the structures in a specific body region I.e. Abdomen

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Systemic Anatomy

The study of the structures that make up a discrete body system (a group of structures that work to perform a function) I.e. Muscular system

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Physiology

The study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body and how they work together to do functions

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Homeostasis

The state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things I.e. Body temp 98.6

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6 levels of structural organization

Chemical - atoms
Cellular - molecules form organelles
Tissue - similar cells form tissue
Organ - tissues form organs
Organ system - multiple organs work together
Organismal - the organism as a whole

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Integumentary System

Encloses internal body structures

Hair skin nails

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Skeletal System

Supports body and enables movement

Cartilage, bones, joints

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Muscular System

Enables movement
Helps maintain temp

Skeletal muscles tendons

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Nervous System

Detects and processes sensory info
Activates bodily responses
Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves

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Endocrine System

Secretes hormones
Regulates bodily processes

Pituitary gland, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, testes, ovaries

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Cardiovascular System

Delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues
Equalize body temp

Heart and blood vessels

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Lymphatic System

Returns fluid to blood
Defends against pathogens

Thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic vessels

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Respiratory System

Removed carbon dioxide from the body
Delivers oxygen to blood

Nasal passage, trachea, lungs

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Digestive System

Processes food for use by body
Removes waste from undigested food
Stomach, liver, gall bladder, large intestines, small intestine

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Urinary System

Controls water balance in the body
Removes waste from blood and excretes them

Kidneys and bladder

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Male reproductive system

Produces sex hormones and gametes
Delivers gametes to female

Epididymis
Testes

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Female reproductive system

Produces sex hormones and gamete
Supports embryo/fetus
Produces milk

Mammary glands
Ovaries
Uterus

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Metabolism

The sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions in the body. Convert the food we eat into fuel to sustain body function and movement

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Anabolism

Process of combining smaller, simpler molecules into larger and more complex

Requires energy

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Catabolism

Larger complex substances are broken down to smaller

Releases energy

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Front (in front of)

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Carpal

Wrist

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Prone

Face Down

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Supine

Face Up

Brachium

Upper Arm

Antebrachium

Lower arm

Posterior

Back or behind

Superior

Above or Higher

Inferior

Below or lower

Lateral

Side or direction towards

Medial

Middle or direction toward middle

Proximal

A position on limb that is closer to the point of attachment or trunk

Distal

A position in a limb that is farther away from point of attachment or trunk

Superficial

Position closer to the surface

Deep

Position further from surface

Section

2-dimensional surface structure, cut

Plane

Imaginary 2-dimensional surfaces that passes through the body

The 3 planes

Sagittal plane - divides body or organism vertically into left and right side Frontal plane - divides body into posterior and anterior portions Transverse plane - divides body horizontally into upper and lower

Dorsal Cavitiy

Cranial cavity and spinal cavity

Ventral cavity

``` Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity (largest) ```

Serous membrane

Thin membrane that covers walls and organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

3 Serous Cavities

Pleura Pericardium Peritoneum

Negative Feedback loop

Stimulus Sensor Control center Effector

Positive feedback

Intensifies a change in the body's physiological condition rather than reversing it I.e. Child birth

Frons

Forehead

Cranium

Skull

Facies

Face

Oris

Mouth

Mentis

Chin

Axilla

Armpit

Antecubitis

Front of elbow

Pollex

Thumb

Palma

Palm

Crus

Leg

Tarsus

Ankle

Hallux

Big toe

Umbilicus

Navel

Thorcis or thorax

Chest

Cervicis

Neck

Nasus

Nose

Auris

Ear

Bucca

Cheek

Dorsum

Back

Olecranon

Back of elbow

Lumbus

Lumbar

Popliteus

Back of knee

Sura

Calf

Calcaneus

Heal of foot

Cephalon

Head

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Right Upper Q - RUQ Left Upper Q - LUQ Right Lower Q - RLQ Left Lower Q - LLQ As your body and not looking at a body

X-Ray

High energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelength capable of penetrating solids and ionizing gases

CT scan

Computed Tomography Noninvasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-Rays in order to reveal minute details about structures.

MRI

Magnetic resonance Imaging A noninvasive scan using nuclear physics No radiation exposure but costly and loud

PET

Positron Emission Tomography Uses radiopharmaceuticals, substance to emit radiation and can illustrate physiologic activity including metabolism and blood flow

Ultrasonography

High frequency sound waves into the body to generate an echo signal that a computer converts to an image

ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate Chemical compound used by every cell and is used to store and release energy (Anabolism and catabolism)

Parietal layer

Layer of serous membrane that lines the body cavity walls in thoracic cavity

Visceral layer

The layer in serous membrane that covers the internal organs in thoracic cavity