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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 22 - Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 22 - Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Respiration - major function

A

To supply O2 to tissues and remove CO2 from body

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2
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

(breathing)-
movement of air into and out
of lungs

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3
Q

External respiration

A

O2 and CO2

exchange between lungs and blood

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4
Q

Circulatory System

A

Transport-O2 and CO2 in blood

Internal respiration-O2 and CO2
exchange between systemic blood
vessels and tissues

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5
Q

Conducting zone

A

conduits to gas exchange sites

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6
Q

Respiratory zone

A

site of gas exchange

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7
Q

The Nose

A

Provides an airway for respiration

Moistens and warms entering air

Filters and cleans inspired air

Resonating chamber for speech

Houses olfactory receptors

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8
Q

Isthmus of fauces

A

Part of OroPharynx

opening to oral cavity

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9
Q

Respiratory Membrane

A

Alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes
~0.5- m-thick; gas exchange across membrane by simple diffusion

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10
Q

Cells of Alveolar Walls

A

Single layer of squamous epithelium (type I alveolar cells)

Scattered cuboidal type II alveolar cells secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins

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11
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

(low pressure, high volume)
Pulmonary arteries deliver systemic venous blood to lungs for oxygenation
Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from respiratory zones to heart

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12
Q

Bronchial arteries

A

provide oxygenated blood to lung tissue
Part of systemic circulation (high pressure, low volume)
Supply all lung tissue except alveoli
Pulmonary veins carry most venous blood back to heart

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13
Q

Pleurae

A

thin, double-layered serosa; divides thoracic cavity into two pleural compartments and mediastinum
Pleural fluid fills pleural cavity
Provides lubrication and surface tension assists in expansion and recoil

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14
Q

Atmospheric pressure (Patm)

A

Pressure exerted by air on the body
760 mm Hg at sea level = 1 atmosphere
Respiratory pressures are relative to Patm

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15
Q

Intrapulmonary (intra-alveolar) pressure (Ppul)

A

pressure in alveoli
Fluctuates with breathing
Always eventually equalizes with Patm

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16
Q

Intrapleural pressure (Pip)

A

Pressure in pleural cavity
Fluctuates with breathing
Always a negative pressure (

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17
Q

Atelectasis

A

(lung collapse) due to plugged bronchioles - collapse of alveoli

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18
Q

Inhalation

A 
Diagphragm contracts
intercostal muscles contract
Lungs expand
Volume Changes
Pressure changes
Gases flow to equalize pressure change
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19
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

Relationship between pressure and volume of a gas

Gases fill container; if container size reduced increased pressure

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20
Q

Forced Inspiration

A

During exercise - accessory muscles (scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor) further increase in thoracic cage size

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21
Q

Exhalation

A 
Diagphragm relaxes
intercostal muscles relax
Lungs recoil
Volume Changes
Pressure changes
Gases flow to equalize pressure change
22
Q

3 Factors Hinder Pulmonary Ventilation

A

Airway resistance
Alveolar surface tension
Lung compliance
(require energy)

23
Q

Surfactant

A

Detergent-like lipid and protein complex produced by type II alveolar cells
Reduces surface tension of alveolar fluid and discourages alveolar collapse

24
Q

Non respiratory Air movements

A

Most result from reflex action; some voluntary

Examples include-cough, sneeze, crying, laughing, hiccups, and yawns

25
External respiration
diffusion of gases in lungs O2 and CO2 across respiratory membrane Influenced by Thickness and surface area of respiratory membrane Partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities Ventilation-perfusion coupling
26
Internal respiration
diffusion of gases at body tissues Capillary gas exchange in body tissues Partial pressures and diffusion gradients reversed compared to external respiration Tissue Po2 lower than arterial blood oxygen from blood to tissues and CO2 - from tissues to blood
27
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures
Total pressure exerted by mixture of gases = sum of partial pressures exerted by each gas = directly proportional to its percentage in mixture
28
Henry's Law
When gas mixtures are in contact with liquid, each gas dissolves in proportion to its partial pressure and depends on: Solubility–CO2 20 times more soluble than O2 Temperature–as it rises, solubility decreases
29
Composition of Alveolar Gas
Alveoli contain more CO2 and water vapor than atmospheric air Gas exchanges in lungs Humidification of air Mixing of alveolar gas with each breath
30
Ventilation-Perfusion Coupling
Perfusion-blood flow reaching alveoli Ventilation-amount of gas reaching alveoli Ventilation and perfusion matched (coupled) for efficient gas exchange
31
Oxyhemoglobin
hemoglobin-O2 combination
32
Reduced hemoglobin (deoxyhemoglobin)
hemoglobin that has released O2
33
Factors affecting loading and unloading of Hemoglobin
Facilitated by change in shape of Hb As O2 binds, Hb affinity for O2 increases As O2 is released, Hb affinity for O2 decreases Po2 Temperature increase - affinity decreases Decrease Blood pH (more H+) - affinity decreases Pco2 Concentration of BPG–produced by RBCs during glycolysis; levels rise when oxygen levels chronically low
34
Venous reserve
Oxygen remaining in venous blood | Just in case oxygen
35
Bohr effect
Relationship between O2 affinity to bind with Hb is inversely related to the both pH and carbon dioxide concentration. CO2 becomes bicarbonate ion and H+ which binds with Hb and changes shape decreasing O2 affinity to bind. Reason O2 goes to tissues.
36
Equation for Co2 & Water
Co2 + H2o = H2Co3 (carbonic acid) = turns into H+ (hydrogen ion (basic) and HC03 (bicarbonate ion)
37
Anemic Hypoxia
Too few RBCs abnormal or too little Hemoglobin
38
Ischemia Hypoxia
impaired or blocked circulation
39
Histotoxic Hypoxia
cells unable to use 02, metabolic poison
40
Hypoxemic Hypoxia
abnormal ventilation, pulmonary disease
41
How is Co2 transported in the blood
7-10% dissolved in plasma 20% bound to globin of hemoglobin (carbaminohemoglobin) 70% transported as bicarbonate ions in plasma (HC03-)
42
What happens in systemic capillaries
HC03- Quickly diffuses from RBCs into plasma
43
Chloride Shift
Outrush of HC03- from RBCs balanced as Chloride moves into RBCs from plasma
44
What happens in pulmonary capillaries
HC03- moves into RBCs (Chloride leaves) | Bdins with H+ to form H2C03 which is split by carbonic anhydrase into H2O and C02 which diffuses into alveoli
45
Haldane Effect
Amount of Co2 transported affected by P02
46
COPD
Exemplified by chronic bronchitis and emphysema Irreversible decrease in ability to force air out of lungs History of smoking in 80% of patients Dyspnea - labored breathing Coughing and frequent infections Most develop respiratory failure (hypoventilation) accompanied by respiratory acidosis, hypoxemia
47
Emphysema
Destruction of alveolar walls, enlargment; decreased lung elasticity Accessory muscles necessary for breathing - exhaustion Hyperinflation flattened diaphragm - reduced ventilation efficiency Damaged pulmonary capillaries - enlarged right ventricle
48
Chronic bronchitis
Inhaled irritants chronic excessive mucus Inflamed and fibrosed lower respiratory passageways Obstructed airways Impaired lung ventilation and gas exchange pulmonary infections
49
Tuberculosis (TB)
Infectious disease caused by bacterium Symptoms-fever, night sweats, weight loss, racking cough, coughing up blood Treatment- 12-month course of antibiotics
50
Lung cancer: Leading cause of cancer deaths in North America, 90% smokers
Adenocarcinoma: peripheral lung areas - bronchial glands, alveoli Squamous cell carcinoma: bronchial epithelium Small cell carcinoma: lymphocyte-like cells that originate in primary bronchi and subsequently metastasize
51
Cystic fibrosis
Most common lethal genetic disease in North America Viscous mucus clogs passageway, bacterial infections in lungs, clogged pancreatic ducts, reproductive ducts Cause = abnormal gene for Cl- channel

Anatomy & Physiology (26 decks)

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