Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 17 - Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 17 - Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

Nonhormonal substances with ducts (sweat, saliva)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Produce hormones and lack ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hormones

A

long-distance chemical signals; travel in blood or lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Autocrines

A

exert effects on same cells that secrete them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Paracrines

A

locally acting, affect cells other than those that secrete them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What Hormones do

A
  • Alter plasma membrane permeability membrane potential by opening or closing ion channels
  • Stimulate synthesis of proteins
  • Activate or deactivate enzymes
  • Induce secretory activity
  • Stimulate mitosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Water-Soluble Hormones

A

All amino acid–based hormones except thyroid hormone
• Act on plasma membrane receptors
• Via G protein second messengers
•Cannot enter cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Lipid-Soluble Hormones

A
  • steroid and thyroid hormones

* Enters cell to act on intracellular receptors that directly activate genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Target Cells

A

Target cells must have specific receptors to which hormone binds, for example

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Target cell activation depends on

A
  1. Blood levels of hormone
  2. Number of receptors on or in target cell
  3. Affinity of binding between receptor and hormone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hormonal Up-Regulation

A

target cells form more receptors in response to low hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hormonal Down-Regulation

A

target cells lose receptors in response to high hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

3 Types of Activations

A

Humoral Stimulus - hormone release caused by altered levels of ion or nutrient, i.e. low Ca2+, Parathyroid releases PTH to increase Ca2+

Neural Stimulus - Hormone release due to neural input, i.e. Ap to Adrenal Medulla to release Epi and Norepi.

Hormonal Stimulus - Hormone released because of another hormone (tropic hormone) Hormone from Hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland to release other hormone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Posterior Pituitary Hormones

A

Oxytocin and Antidiuretic Hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

A

Growth hormone, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Roles of Oxytocin

A

stimulates uterine contraction
trigger for milk
neurotransmitter in brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Roles of ADH

A

inhibits or prevents urine formation
targets kidney tubules to reabsorb water
inhibited by alcohol

18
Q

Growth Hormone

A

Indirect Mechanism
stimulates adipose cells to break down stored fat,
fueling growth effects,
increases uptake of amino acids from the blood
enhances cellular proliferation
reduces apoptosis,

all promote the growth of target cells in the bones, muscles, nervous and immune systems

Direct Mechanism - fat and carbohydrate metabolism which fuels the processes

19
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A
  • Produced by thyrotropic cells of anterior pituitary
  • Stimulates normal development and secretory activity of thyroid
  • Release triggered by thyrotropin-releasing hormone from hypothalamus
  • Inhibited by rising blood levels of thyroid hormones that act on pituitary and hypothalamus
20
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A
  • Secreted by corticotropic cells of anterior pituitary
  • Stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids
  • Triggered by hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in daily rhythm
21
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A
  • Secreted by gonadotrophs of anterior pituitary
  • FSH stimulates gamete production
  • Triggered by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) during and after puberty
22
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A
  • Secreted by gonadotrophs of anterior pituitary
  • LH promotes production of gonadal hormones
  • Triggered by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) during and after puberty
23
Q

Prolactin (PRH)

A
  • Regulation of PRL release controlled by prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)
  • Suckling stimulates PRL release and promotes continued milk production
  • Hypersecretion causes inappropriate lactation, lack of menses, infertility in females, and impotence in males
24
Q

Thyroid

A

Hormone: increase metabolic rate, heat production, regulation of tissue growth and development, maintenance of blood pressure.
Hyposecretion=myxedema, cretinism
Hypersecretion=graves disease

25
Q

Colloid

A

Raw material that makes thyroid hormone

26
Q

Calcitonin

A

Antagonist to Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Inhibits osteoclast activity and release of Ca2+ from bone matrix, stimulates Ca2+ uptake and incorporation into bone matrix.

27
Q

Parathyroid

A

On back of thyroid, Negative feedback loop to control the Ca2+

hyperparathyroidism softens bones, kidney stones

hypoparathyroidism = Results in tetany, respiratory paralysis, and death in

28
Q

Adrenal Gland

A

Adrenal Medulla = Nervous Tissue
Adrenal Cortex = Glandular Tissue
• Zona Glomerulosa = Release Aldosterone
• Zona Fasciculata (biggest) = Release
Cortisol and androgens
• Zona Reticularis = NE and Epine

29
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

Regulate electrolytes
Aldosterone: most potent mineralocorticoid
Stimulates Na+ reabsorption and water retention by kidneys; elimination of K+

Release triggered by:
•Decreasing blood volume and blood pressure
•Rising blood levels of K+

30
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Cortisol
•Released in response to ACTH, patterns of eating and activity, and stress
•Promotes gluconeogenesis—formation of glucose from fats and proteins
•”Saves” glucose for brain
•Enhances vasoconstriction rise in blood pressure to distribute nutrients to cells

31
Q

Hormones of Adipose Tissue

A

Leptin - appetite control
Resistin - insulin antagonist
Adiponectin - sensitivity to insulin

32
Q

Hormones of Kidneys

A

Erythropoietin - red blood cell production

Renin - initiates the renin angiotension

33
Q

Hormones of heart

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide - Blood pressure

34
Q

Pineal gland

A

Secretes melatonin - timing of sexual maturation and puberty, Day/night cycle, body temp, sleep, appetite

35
Q

Pancreas

A 
Acinar cells (exocrine) produce enzyme rich juice for digestion.
Pancreatic islet contains endocrine cells, Alpha cells produce Glucagon
Beta cells produce Insulin
36
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Glycogen to glucose

37
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Synthesis of glucose

38
Q

3 signs of Diabetes Mellitus

A

Polyuria - huge urine output, glucose acts as osmotic diuretic
Polydipsia - Excessive thirst from water loss of polyuria
Polyphagia - Excessive hunger and food consumption, cells can’t take up glucose so start to starve.

39
Q

Hyperinsulinism

A

Excessive insulin release causes HYPO Glycemia

40
Q

Estrogen

A

Produced in ovaries, maturation of reproductive organs, appearance of secondary sexual characteristics

41
Q

Progesterone

A

breast development, and cyclic changes in uterine mucosa

42
Q

Testosterone

A

produced in testes

Anatomy & Physiology (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions