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Anatomy & Physiology > Exam 3 - Study Guides > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Study Guides Flashcards

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1
Q

3 Functional Classifications of Joints

A

Synathroses - Immovable (Sutures, Tooth), Amphiarthroses - Slightly movable (sternum), Diarthroses - freely movable

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2
Q

Fibrous Joints

A

Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue most immovable and include sutures, ligaments, gomphoses

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3
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A

Bones united by cartilage, no joint cavity, not highly movable include synchondrosoes and symphyses (pubic, discs)

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4
Q

Synovial Joints

A

Bones separated by fluid-filled cavity, all are diarthrotic, most joints and all limb joints

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5
Q

6 Characteristics of Synovial Joints

A
  1. Articular Cartilage (Hyaline) 2. Joint Cavity (Fluid filled) 3. Articular (joint) Capsule (external fibrous layer, inner synovial membrane) 4. Synovial Fluid (viscous, dyaluronic acid with phagocytes, lubricates) 5. Reinforcing Ligaments (capsular, extracapsular, intracapsular) 6. Nerves and Blood Vessels
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6
Q

4 Other Features of Synovial

A

Fatty Pads, Articular Discs (meniscus), Bursae, Tendon Sheaths (elongated bursae wrapped with tendon)

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7
Q

3 Stabilizing factors of Synovial Joints

A

Shapes of articular surfaces, Ligament number and location, muscle tendons that cross joint

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8
Q

Movements of Joints

A

Nonaxial (slipping only, carpal/tarsal) Uniaxial (movement of one plane, elbow), Biaxial ( movement in 2 planes, mandible), Multiaxial (all planes ball & Socket)

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9
Q

Angular Movements

A

Flexion, Extension, Abduction, adduction, circumduction

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10
Q

Gliding

A

relatively flat bone surfaces move past each other, but they produce very littlemovementof the bones

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11
Q

Specific Movements

A

Supination/Pronation, Dorsiflexion/Plantar Flexion, inversion/eversion, protraction/retraction, elevation/depression, opposition

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12
Q

Types of Synovial Joints

A

Plane, Hinge, Pivot, Condylar, Saddle, Ball & Socket

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13
Q

Plane Joints

A

Nonaxial, gliding, metacarpals, flat articular surfaces

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14
Q

Hinge Joints

A

Uniaxial, elbows, fingers, flexion/extension

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15
Q

Pivot Joints

A

Uniaxial, sleeve and axle (ulna/radius)

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16
Q

Condylar joint

A

Biaxial, Metacarpal/phalange

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17
Q

Saddle Joint

A

Biaxial, Abduction/adduction, Flex/ext, thumb

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18
Q

Ball & Socket Joint

A

Multiaxial, all movement, shoulder/hip

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19
Q

Knee Joint

A

Larges most complex Joint with at least 12 associated bursae and a tendon reinforced capsule

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20
Q

4 Rotator Cuff Tendons

A

Subscapularis, Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor

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21
Q

Cartilage Tears

A

Stress compression, arthroscopic surgery, removal, less stable leads to osteoarthritis

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22
Q

Sprains

A

stretch or torn ligament, slowly repairs

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23
Q

Dislocation

A

Bones forced out of alignment, reduced to treat subluxation, inflammation and loosening of ligaments

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24
Q

Bursitis

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A

Inflamation of the Bursa by blow or friction, drugs ice rest

25
Tendonitis
Inflammation due to overuse
26
Osteoarthritis
Common, irreversible, degenerative, more cartilage is destroyed than replaced
27
Rheumatoid Arthritis
AutoImmune disease, chronic inflammatory
28
Gout
Uric Acid crystals in joints, inflammation base of big toe/thumb, untreated bone fuses, drugs, water and not fatty foods or alcohol
29
Lyme Disease
Parasitic, tick bites. May lead to joint pain and arthritis, long course antibiotics
30
Special Characterisitics of Muscle Tissue
Excitability, Contractibility, Extensibility, Elasticity
31
Epimysium
Dense irregular connective tissue, surrounding entire muscle
32
Perimysium
Fibrous connective tissue surrounding fascicles (groups of muscle fibers)
33
Endomysium
Fine areolar connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber
34
Attachments of Muscle Tissue
Insertion (movable bone) Origin ( immovable bone)
35
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Functions in the regulation of intracellular calcium, forms perpendicular cross channels
36
Sliding Filament Model
Generation of force, during contraction, thin filaments slide past thick filaments, actin and myosin overlap and move. Occurs when myosin heads bind to actin create a crossbridge which forms and breaks several times, ratcheting thin filaments toward center of sarcomere
37
2 things we need for Skeletal muscle to contract
Activation (nervous system stimulation, generate action potential in sarcolemma), Excitation-Contraction (Action potential propagates along sarcolemma, intracellular Ca2+ levels rise)
38
Neuromuscular Junction
Each axon forms a NMI with a single muscle fiber and the axon terminal and muscle fiber separated by space called the synaptic cleft. Synaptic vesicles of axon terminal contain neurotransmitter acetylCholine. Junctional folds of sarcolemma contain AcH receptors
39
Motor Unit
Motor neuron and all muscle fibers it supplies
40
Graded muscle response
varying strength of contraction for different demands and control movement
41
Subthreshold Stimuli
No observable contraction
42
Threshold stimuli
Stimulus causing first observable muscle contraction
43
Maximal Stimulus
Strongest stimulus that increase contractile force
44
Size Principle
recruit more muscle fibers for stronger or heavier
45
Isotonic Concentric Contraction
Muscles Shortens and moves load
46
Isometric contraction
Generate force without changing shape of the muscle (plank)
47
Isotonic Eccentric Contraction
Muscle generates force as it lengthens
48
How do Muscles return to Recovery State
Oxygen reserves replenished, Lactic acid converted to pyruvic acid, glycogen stores replaces, ATP & CP reserves replenished
49
Slow Oxidative Fibers
Oxidative ATP, Slow contraction velocity, Many mitochondria and capilaries, high (red) myoglobin content and low glycolytic enzymes (Marathon)
50
Fast Oxidative
Oxidative ATP, Fast contraction velocity, Many mitochondria and capilarries, high (red) myglobin content and intermediate glycolytic enzymes
51
Fast Glycolytic Fibers
Glycolysis, Fast contraction velocity, few mitochrondria and capilaries, Low (white) myoglobin content and high glycolytic enzymes (SPRINT)
52
Overload Principle
Forcing muscles to work hard promotes the increase muscle strength and endurance, muscles adapt to increased demands
53
Smooth Muscle
Spindle shaped, thin and short, one nucleus, no striations, endomysium only, no sarcomeres or myofibrils
54
Peristalsis
Alternating contractions and relaxations of layers that mix and squeeze substances through lumen of hollow organs
55
Unique Features of Smooth Muscle
Slow Synchronized contractions, cells electrically coupled by gap junctions, some cells self-excitatory (depolarize without external stimuli)
56
Prime Mover
Responsible for producing specific movement
57
Antagonist
Reverses specific movement by prime mover
58
Synergist
Helps primers add extra force to same movement, reduces unnecessary movement
59
Fixator
Synergist that immobilizes bone or muscles origin and gives primer

Anatomy & Physiology (26 decks)

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