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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 19 - Heart > Flashcards

Chapter 19 - Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Layers of Heart

A

Fibrous Pericardium, Parietal Serous Pericardium, Pericardial Cavity, Visceral Serous Pericardium (Epicardium), Myocardium, Endocardium, Heart Chamber

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2
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the pericardium

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3
Q

Myocardium

A

Thick muscle layer around heart surrounded by Epicardium and Endocardium

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4
Q

Atria

A

receiving chambers, small thin walls, contribute little to propulsion of blood

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5
Q

Ventricles

A

most of volume of heart, thicker walls, actual pumps, especially the left

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6
Q

Functions of heart valves

A

unidirectional blood flow, open and close in response to pressure, 2 Atrioventricular Valves (Mitral -L and Tricuspid -R)and 2 Semilunar valves (aortic - L and Pulmonary - R)

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7
Q

Valve Open vs Closed

A

Open = Slack, relaxed; Closed = Taut, Contracted

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8
Q

Pulmonary Circuit

A

Right side = receives O2 poor blood from tissues and pumps to lungs to exchange CO2 for O2

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9
Q

Systemic Circuit

A

Left Side = Receives O2 rich blood from lungs and pumps to body tissues

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10
Q

Valve Problems

A

Incompetent Valve = Heart re-pumps same blood over and over; Valvular Stenosis = Stiff Flaps

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11
Q

Route of blood

A

Blood enters right atrium via tricuspid AV valve Right ventricle contracts forcing the opening of pulmonary semilunar valve and into pulmonary trunk, sent to lungs. Gets rid of Co2 and pick up 02. Back from lungs and into left atrium via pulmonary veins. Fills Atrium, mitral valve opens and blood fills left ventricle, mitral valve closes into left ventricle. Then through the aortic semilunar valve and into the aorta, aorta delivers 02 rich blood to tissues of body.

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12
Q

Circuit Differences

A

Pulmonary = low pressure, short and slow; Systemic = High pressure, long and strong

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13
Q

Ventricle Differences

A

Left side is 3x stronger than right

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14
Q

Angina Pectoris

A

Thoracic pain caused by fleeting deficiency in blood delivery to myocardium, cells weakened

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15
Q

Myocardial Infarction

A

Heart Attack, coronary blockages, areas of cell death repaired with scar tissue

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16
Q

Describe Cardiac Muscle

A

Striated, short branched, interconnected by intercalated discs containing desmosomes and gap junctions, 1 nuclei, many mitochondria,

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17
Q

2 intercellular junctions

A

Desmosomes - prevent cells from separating; Gap Junctions - allow pass through of ions and allow coordinated movement of single unit

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18
Q

Cardiac Veins

A

Collect blood from Capillary veins and ensure myocytes get oxygen as well

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19
Q

Cardiac Muscle Contraction

A

Don’t need nervous system stimulation, automatically, all cardiomyocytes contract as one unit, intercalated discs connected by desmosomes, many mitochondria for aerobic respiration

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20
Q

Autorhythmic Cells

A

Have unstable resting membrane potentials, pacemaker potentials, due to slow opening of Na+ channels ( Continuously depolarized)

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21
Q

Events of Cardiac Conduction

A
  1. Sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker) generates impulse. 2. The impulse pauses (.1sec) at the atrioventricular (AV) node 3. The AV Node connects to the AV bundle connects the atria to ventricle 4. The bundle branches conduct the impulses through the interventricular septum 5. The Subendocardial conducting network depolarized the contractile cells of both ventricles.
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22
Q

Arrhythmias

A

Irregular heart rhythms, uncoordinated atrial and ventricular contractions (defective nodes)

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23
Q

Fibrillation

A

rapid, irregular contractions; useless for pumping blood, brain death, defibrillation to treat

24
Q

Defective SA Node

A

Ectopic focus: abnormal pacemaker; AV node may take over

25
Q

Defective AV node

A

Few or no impulses reach ventricles, so heart beats too slow for life - need artificial pacemaker

26
Q

P Wave

A

Atrial depolarization initiated by SA Node

27
Q

Q

A

With Atrial depolarization complete, short delay

28
Q

R

A

Ventricular depolarization begins at Apex, causing the QRS complex

29
Q

S

A

Atrial repolarization

30
Q

ST

A

Stall after ventricular depolarization is complete

31
Q

T

A

Repolarization of ventricle begin at Apex creates T wave

32
Q

P-R Interval

A

Beginning of atrial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation

33
Q

S-T Segment

A

Entire ventricular myocardium depolarization

34
Q

Q-T Interval

A

Beginning of ventricular depolarization to ventricular repolarization

35
Q

Lub Dub Sound

A

Valve closures; First: Bicuspid & Tricuspid, Second: Semilunar Valves, Pause: The filling of blood

36
Q

Heart Murmurs

A

Inefficiencies in the valves

37
Q

Systole

A

Contraction during cardiac cycle

38
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation during cardiac cycle

39
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A

Ventricular Filling: AV valves are open, pressure low; 80% of blood passively flows into ventricles, atrial systole delivers remaining 20%. Ventricular Systole: Ventricles contract, rising ventricular pressure, closing AV Valves, Ejection phase - vent pressure exceeds pressure in large arteries so SL Valve opens. Isovolumetric Relaxation: Ventricules relax, atria relax and filled, backflow of blood in aorta and pulmonary trunk closes SL valves.

40
Q

Calculation of Cardiac Output

A

CO = Heart Rate (BPM) x Stroke Volume ( volume of blood pumped out by 1 ventricle with each beat)

41
Q

Calculation of Stroke Volume

A

SV = End Diastolic Volume x End Systolic Volume

42
Q

3 factors to effect Stroke Volume

A

Preload, Contractibility, Afterload

43
Q

Preload

A

Frank-Starling Law of Heart - degree of stretch of cardiac muscle cells before they contract, length-tension relationships. Most important factor in stretch is venous return

44
Q

Contractibility

A

Contractile strength of given muscle length, independent of muscle stretch and EDV; increased by sympathetic and Ca2+ influx

45
Q

Afterload

A

Pressure ventricles must overcome to eject blood, hypertension increases afterload, resulting in increased ESV and reduced SV

46
Q

Atrial (Bainbridge) Reflex

A

Sympathetic reflex initiated by increased venous return and increased atrial filling, stretch receptors stimulates SA Node

47
Q

Tachycardia

A

Abnormally fast heart rate, may lead to fibrillation - > 100 beat/min

48
Q

Bradycardia

A

Heart rate slower than 60 beats/min; inadequate blood circulation but can also be due to endurance training

49
Q

Congestive heart failure

A

progressive condition; CO2 low, circulation inadequate, weakened myocardium caused by atherosclerosis, high BP, myocardial infarction

50
Q

Fetal Heart Structures

A

Foramen Ovale connects 2 atria, Arteriosus connects pulmonary trunk to aorta

51
Q

Age related Changes to Heart

A

Sclerosis - thickening of flaps; Decline in cardiac reserve; Fibrosis of cardiac muscle; Atherosclerosis

52
Q

End Diastolic Volume

A

Volume of blood in ventricles at end of ventricular diastole

53
Q

End Systolic Volume

A

Blood in ventricles after systole

54
Q

Dicrotic Notch

A

Brief rise in aortic pressure as blood rebounds off close valve.

55
Q

Cardiac Output (image)

A

Anatomy & Physiology (26 decks)

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