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Anatomy & Physiology > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

General Actions of Every Muscle

A

Prime Mover: Responsible for producing specific movements
Antagonist: Reverse specific movement
Synergist: Helps primers add extra force to same movement, reduces unnecessary movement
Fixator: Synergist that immobilizes bone or muscles orgin.

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2
Q

Epicranius Frontal Belly

A

Pulls scalp back so eyebrows lift and forehead wrinkles

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3
Q

Epicranius Occipital Belly

A

Pulls scalp back so eyebrows lift and forehead wrinkles

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4
Q

Corrugator Supercili

A

Muscle close to eye, wrinkles forhead

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5
Q

Zygomaticus

A

Draws mouth superiorly, smiling and dimples

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6
Q

Risorius

A

Retracts mouth, “insincere smile”

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7
Q

Levator Labii Superioris

A

Elevate upper lip

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8
Q

Depressor Labii Inferioris

A

Depression of lower lip

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9
Q

Depressor Anguli Oris

A

Frowning

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10
Q

Temporalis and Masseter

A

Prime Movers of jaw closure

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11
Q

Buccinator

A

Holds food between teeth, compresses cheek

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12
Q

3 Prime movers of arm

A

Pectoralis Major, Latissimus Dorsi, Deltoid

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13
Q

Muscles of Rotator Cuff

A

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis

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14
Q

Muscles of Elbow Joint

A

Brachialis, Biceps Brachii, Brachioradialis

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15
Q

Muscles of Posterior Extensor

A

Triceps Brachii, Anconeus

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16
Q

Muscles of Forearm

A

Flexor Retinaculum, Pronator Teres, Pronator Quadratus

17
Q

Muscles of Crossing Hip & Knee Joint

A

illiopsoas, illiacus and psoas major (Flexion of thigh)
Rectus Femoris (Extends Knee, flexes thigh)
Medial Adductors and Sartorius (flexes abducts, rotates thigh)

18
Q

Muscles of Hamstring

A

Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus, Adductor magnus, longus, brevis, Pectineus, Gracilis, Gluteus Maximus/medius/minimus
Piriformis, obturator externus, obturator internus, gemellus

19
Q

Muscles of Lower Leg

A

Tibialis Anterior, Extensor Digitorum Longus, Extensor hallucis longus, Fibularis tertius (toe extensors and dorsiflexion)
Fibularis longus and Fibularis Brevis (Plantar flexion and eversion of the foot)
Gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, popliteus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, tibialis posterior (plantar flex ankle)

20
Q

Muscles of Mastication

A

Pterygoids - Lateral and Medial, grinding
Genioglossus - protracts tongue
Hyoglossus - depresses tongue
Styloglossus - retracts and elevates

21
Q

Muscles of Neck

A

Sternocleidomastoid - Major head flexor
Scalenes - lateral head movement
Splenius Capitis and Cervicis Portions - head extension, rotation, lateral bending
Semispinalis capitis - synergist w/ sternocleidomastoid

22
Q

Muscles of the Back

A

Erector Spinae Group - iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis
Semispinalis and Quadratus Lumborum - Synergist in extension rotation
Trapezius - Supports Arm
Levator Scapulae - Elevates scapula
Rhomboids - Retraction of scapula

23
Q

Cycle of Muscle Contraction

A
  1. AP travels down neuron to skeletal muscle fiber. NMJ has axon terminal which have the synaptic cleft between the motor end plate.
  2. Voltage-gated calcium Channels open and calcium ions diffuse into axon terminals. Causes AcH by exocytosis. AcH binds to ACH receptors that opens cation channels and sodium enters fiber while potassium exits.
  3. When membrane reaches threshold, AP goes through sarcolemma to T-tubules. Linked with terminal cisternae via calcium and it floods the SR.
  4. Calcium binds with troponin which reveals binding site on the tropomyosin of the actin and the cross bridge cycle begins. Myosin head is activated by ATP and it is cocked and binds to site on actin. A power stroke occurs as filaments slide toward center of sarcomere.
  5. Power strokes continue as long as binding sites are exposed on actin. Cycle ends when calcium returns to SR, Troponin reactivated, binding sites covered, AcH replenishes and degrade enzymes through diffusion
24
Q

6 features of Synovial Joints

A
  1. Articular Cartilage
  2. Synovial Cavity: fluid filled space
  3. Articular Capsule: External fibrous layer and inner synovial membrane, makes synovial fluid
  4. Synovial fluid: viscous, filtrated plasma and hyaluronic acid with phagocytes
  5. Reinforcing ligaments, capsular, extracapsular, intracapsular
  6. Nerves and blood vessels
25
Q

4 Extra features of Synovial joints

A

Fatty Pads
Articular discs
Bursae
Tendon sheath

26
Q

Elements of Smooth Muscle

A 
Not striated
Involuntary contaction
Cells electrically coupled by gap junctions
some cells self-excitatory
spindle shaped fibers are thin and short
Endomysium only
No sarcomeres, myofibrils or t-tubules
27
Q

Contraction of Smooth Muscle

A
  1. A stimulus (from either an action potential, stretching of the muscle, hormone release, or drugs) triggers the opening of calcium channels that allow calcium into the sarcoplasm
  2. Calcium binds to calmodulin to form the calcium-calmodulin complex
  3. The calcium-calmodulin activates the myosin light chain kinase complex which is a phosphorylating enzyme
  4. Myosin light chain kinase activates the myosin head by adding a phosphate to it, Activated myosin heads bind to thin filaments to form crossbridges. ATP provides the energy for a powerstroke. The force generated pulls the anchoring filaments, shortening the smooth muscle cell. Thus the smooth muscle contraction.
28
Q

Relaxation of Smooth Muscle

A

Ca2+ detaches from calmodulin; active transport of Ca2+ into SR and extra cellular fluid; dephosphorylating of myosin.

29
Q

RA vs Osteoarthritis

A

RA: Autoimmune, begin at any age, rapid onset, swollen stiff joints, inflammation of synovial membrane and joint capsule, cartilage loss
OA: Later in life, wear and tear, slow progression, joints tender and ache, cartilage deteriorates, tendons, ligaments and bones rub together.

30
Q

Sources of ATP

A 
Stored
Direct Phosphorylation - CP to ATP
Glycolysis
Lactic Acid Fermentation (anaerobic)
Citric Acid Cycle & Oxidative Phosphorylation (aerobic)
31
Q

Recovery after fatigue

A

Oxygen reserves replenish
Lactic Acid converted to pyruvic acid
glycogen store are replaced
ATP and CP reserves replenish

32
Q

Slow Oxidative Fibers

A 
Long Distance Running
ATP: Oxidative
Contraction Velocity: Slow
Mitochondria: many
Capillaries: Many
Myoglobin content:  High/red
Glycolytic Enzymes: Low
33
Q

Fast Oxidative Fibers

A 
Running to the bus
ATP: Oxidative
Contraction Velocity: Fast
Mitochondria: Many
Capillaries: Many
Myoglobin content:  High/red
Glycolytic Enzymes: Intermediate
34
Q

Fast Glycolytic Fibers

A 
Sprinting
ATP: Glycolysis
Contraction Velocity: Fast
Mitochondria: few
Capillaries: few
Myoglobin content:  Low/White
Glycolytic Enzymes: High

Anatomy & Physiology (26 decks)

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