Chapter 19 Flashcards
(31 cards)
hypersensitivity
an ABNORMAL antigenic response results from a prior exposure to a foreign substance antigen called an allergen
hypersensitivity: type 1 - anaphylactic
- signs show within 30 minutes. IgE binds to mast cells or basophils and causes degraulation of mast cells or basophil and release of reactive substances such as histamines
anaphylactic: localized
Symptoms: hives, hay fever, asthma–from inhaled or ingested allergens like food or pollen
anaphylactic: systemic
anaphylactic shock, released mediators cause enlargement of blood vessels and a sudden extreme drop of BP (shock), usually from drug injections, insect stings
desensitization
achieved by repeated injects of the antigen, which leads to the formation of blocking IgG antibodies
mediator
Are released chemicals (histamines) which cause the observed allergic reactions
prostoglandin
type of mediator, affect smooth muscles of the respiratory system and increase mucus secretion
hypersensitivity: type 2 - cytotoxic
- signs show between 5-12 hours. Antigen causes formation of IgM and IgG antibodies that bind to target cell; when combined with action of complement, it destroys target cell. EX: transfusion reactions; Rh incompatibility (hemolytic disease of the newborn)
hemolytic disease of the newborn
When dad is Rh+ and mom is Rh-, there is a 50% chance the child will be Rh+.
If the child is Rh+, the mother can become sensitized to this antigen during birth when placental membranes tear and fetal Rh+ RBCs enter maternal circulation, causing mother’s body to produce anti-Rh antibodies of the IgG type.
If the fetus in a subsequent pregnancy is Rh+, mothers anti-Rh antibodies will cross placenta and destroy fetal RBCs.
RhoGAM
HDNB is prevented today by passive immunization of the Rh- mother at the time of delivery of any Rh+ infant with anti-Rh antibodies. These anti-Rh antibodies combine with any fetal Rh+ RBCs that have entered mother’s circulation, so it is less likely she’ll become sensitized to the Rh antigen.
ABO blood group system
4 principle types of blood: A, B, AB, O.
hypersensitivity: type 3 - Immune complex reactions
- occurs within 3-8 hours; antibodies and antigens form complexes that cause damaging inflammation. EX: glomerulonephritis - inflammation damage to kidney glomeruli
hypersensitivity: type 4 - Delayed cell-mediated, or delayed hypersensitivity
: occurs between 24-48 hours. Antigens activate Tc that kill target cells. EX: rejection of transplanted tissues, contact dermatitis (poison ivy), chronic diseases (tuberculosis)
allergic contact dermatitis
usually caused by haptens that combine with protiens (amino acid lysine) in the skin of some peope to produce an immune response, such as reactions to poison ivy, cosmetics, metals in jewelry, latex,
autoimmune disease
loss of self-tolerance, immune system reacts to self-antigens and causes damage to one’s own organs
cytotoxic immune reactions
Involve antibody reactions to cell-surface antigens. EX: Graves’ disease, myasthenia gravis
immune complex autoimmune reactions
systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis
cell-mediated autoimmune reactions
MS, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, psoriasis
autograft
one’s own tissue is grafted to another part of the body
isograft
transplantation between identical twins
allograft
transplantation between people that are not identical twins
xenograft (xenotransplant)
grafts from animals
HIV infection
retrovirus, has 2 identical strands of RNA, enzyme reverse transcriptase, and an envelope of phospholipid. Envelope has glycoprotein spikes (gp120)
T cells
an immune system cell that plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity