Flashcards in Nervous System II Deck (150)
1
protective covering & related brain structures: arachnoid granulations
fingerlike structures that project from the subarachnoid space into the blood-filled dural sinuses, SITE OF PRODUCTION OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
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protective covering & related brain structures: arachnoid mater
thin netlike layer located between dura mater & pia mater
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protective covering & related brain structures: bone
skull
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protective covering & related brain structures: dural (sagittal) sinus
areas where the two layeres of the dura mater split forming channels; venous blood travels through these channels as it returns from the brain to vessels leading to the heart
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protective covering & related brain structures: dura mater
tough superficial white fibrous connective tissue covering the brain spinal cord that is attached internally to the cranium and separated from the vertebral column by the epidural space
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protective covering & related brain structures: epidural space
space that lies between the dura mater and the bony vertebral column and contains blood vessels, loose connective tissue, and fat tissue
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protective covering & related brain structures: falx cerebelli
partition of the dura mater that separates the right & left cerebellar hemispheres
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protective covering & related brain structures: falx cerebri
partition of the dura mater that extends inferiorly into the longitudinal fissure & separates the right & left cerebral hemispheres
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protective covering & related brain structures: gray matter
region of CNS that lacks myelin and therefore looks gray, inside white matter
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protective covering & related brain structures: meninges
membranes which enclose the brain & spinal cord- dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
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protective covering & related brain structures: pia mater
thin deepest meningeal layer composed of connective tissue that contains many blood vessels that aid in nourishing the underlying brain and spinal cord as it follows all the sulci & gyri
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protective covering & related brain structures: subarachnoid space
real space formed by thin connective tissue strands that extend between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater that contains cerebrospinal fluid, SITE OF PRODUCTION OF CSF
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protective covering & related brain structures: subdural space
potential space between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater
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protective covering & related brain structures: superior sagittal sinus
same as dural sinus
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protective covering & related brain structures: tentorium cerebelli
partition of dura mater that separates occipital lobes of the cerebrum from the cerebellum
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protective covering & related brain structures: white matter
Outside of gray matter, covered in myelin
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site of production of cerebrospinal fluid
manufactured in specialized blood capillaries derived from pia mater, called choroid plexuses; most cerebrospinal fluid is made in choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle
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site of production of cerebrospinal fluid: cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of sylvius)
narrow canal connects 4th ventrile to the 3rd ventricle and passes lengthwise through the brainstem
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site of production of cerebrospinal fluid: choroid plexus
tiny, reddish cauliflower like masses of specialized capillaries from the pia mater that secret CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)
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site of production of cerebrospinal fluid: fourth ventricle
in the brain stemp, anterior to the cerebellum.
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site of production of cerebrospinal fluid: intervertebral foramina
openings at the anterior end of the ventricle that communicates with lateral ventricles.
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site of production of cerebrospinal fluid: lateral ventricles
largest ventricles - 1st is in left cerebral hemisphere, 2nd is in right cerebral hemisphere
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site of production of cerebrospinal fluid: third ventricle
narrow space in the midline of the brain betweent he corpus callosum (a bridge of axons that link the two cerebral hemispheres)
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ascending tracts & functions: fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus
In posterior funiculi of the spinal cord, conduct sensory impulses from the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints to the brain, where they are interpreted as sensations of touch, pressure, and body movement.
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ascending tracts & functions: spinocerebellar tracts (anterior & posterior)
near surface in the lateral funiculi of the spinal cord. Impulses conducted on their fibers originate in the muscles of the lower limbs and trunk and then travel to the cerebellum. Coordinates muscular movement
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ascending tracts & functions: spinothalmic tracts (lateral & anterior)
begins in the spinal cord and carries sensory impulses associated with the sensations of pain & touch to the thalamus of the brain
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descending tracts & functions: corticospinal tracts (lateral & anterior)
originates in the cortex of the brain an carries motor impulses on upper motor neurons downard through the spinal cord. Controls voluntary movements in skeletal muscles.
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descending tracts & functions: reticulospinal tracts (lateral, anterior, medial)
in lateral funiculi and anterior funiculi, motor impulses transmitted on reticulospinal tracts originate in the brain and control muscular tone & activity of sweat glands.
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descending tracts & functions: rubrospinal tracts
carry motor impulses from brain to skeletal muscles, and coordinate muscles & control posture.
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spinal cord structure: anterior median fissure
deep groove that extends the length of the spinal cord on the anterior median surface partially dividing the spinal cord anteriorily into right & left halves
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spinal cord structure: anterior (ventral) root
fibers of motor neurons that exit the spinal cord on the ventral (anterior) surface
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spinal cord structure: funiculi
white matter of the spinal cord that is divided into three sections on each side by gray matter (anterior funiculus, posterior funiculus, and lateral funiculus); each section consists of longitudinal bundles of myelinated nerve fibers that comprise major nerve pathways called nerve tracts
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spinal cord structure: horns (lateral, posterior (dorsal), anterior (ventral))
projections of gray matter of the spinal cord in the shape of a butterfly, has subdivisions (lateral, posterior, anterior)
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spinal cord structure: lumbar enlargement
thickening in lumbar area, supplies nerves to lower limbs
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spinal cord structure: lumbar region
L1 - L5 - under thoracic region
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spinal cord structure: cauda equina
tail end below conus medullaris, above filum terminale, resembles a horse's tail.
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spinal cord structure: central (spinal) canal
continuous with ventricles of the brain and contains CSF. Prominent during embryonic development, but becomes almost microscopic in adulthood.
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spinal cord structure: cervical enlargement
thickening in the cervical area; supplies nerves to the upper limbs
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spinal cord structure: cervical region
C1 - C8 - top of spinal cord
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spinal cord structure: conus medullaris
sharp terminal tip of the spinal cord that is formed inferior to the lumbar enlargement
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spinal cord structure: filum terminale
thin cord of pia mater that descends to the upper surface of the coccyx, anchoring the cord to the dura; prevents it from moving superiorily
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spinal cord structure: gray commissure
gray matter midportion of the spinal cord that forms a bridge between the left & right gray matter regions
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spinal cord structure: gray matter
in the center of the cord, shaped like a butterfly and consists of cell bodies of interneurons and motor neurons. Projections are called horns.
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spinal cord structure: posterior (dorsal) root
nodule on dorsal root of the spine that carries signals from sensory organs toward the appropriate integration center. AFFERENT
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spinal cord structure: posterior median sulcus
shallow groove that extends the length of the spinal cord on the posterior median surface, partially dividing the spinal cord posteriorily into right and left halves
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spinal cord structure: spinal nerves
spinal cord consists of 31 segments, each of which gives rise to a pair of spinal nerves. These nerves branch to various body parts and connect them with the cns.
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spinal cord structure: thoracic region
T1 - T12 - under cervical
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spinal cord structure: white matter
contain sensory & motor neurons, located outside of gray matter, carry information up & down spinal cord
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reflex arc location and all parts
carry out the simplest responses reflexes
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structure of reflex arc: afferent (sensory) neuron
dendrite, cell body, or axon of a sensory neuron that transmit nerve impulses from the receptor into the brain or spinal cord
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structure of reflex arc: association (internuncial) neuron (interneuron)
multipolar neuron; dendrites, cell body, and axon are located in the gray matter of the spinal cord, processing center - conducts nerve impulse from sensory neurons to a motor neuron
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structure of reflex arc: effector
muscle or gland
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structure of reflex arc: efferent (motor) neuron
dendrite, cell body, or axon of a motor neuron which controls efferent organs
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structure of reflex arc: nerve pathway
nerve impulses follow nerve pathways as the travel through the nervous system. Simplest of these is called a reflex arc.
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structure of reflex arc: receptor
receptor end of a dendrite or a specialized receptor cell in a sensory organ
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structure of reflex arc: response
reaction to the stimulus
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structure of reflex arc: reflex center
any center in the brain or spinal cord in which a sensory impression is changed into a motor impulse
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structure of reflex arc: stimulus
change in the environment
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embryonic development of the brain: forebrain aka
prosencephalon
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embryonic development of the brain: telencephalon space produce & regions of brain produced
anterior portion of forebrain
space produced: lateral ventricles
regions of brain produced: cerebrum & basal nuclei
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embryonic development of the brain: diencephalon space produce & regions of brain produced
posterior portion of forebrain
space produced: third ventricle
regions of brain produced: thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland, pineal gland
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embryonic development of the brain: midbrain aka mesencephalon space produce & regions of brain produced
space produced: cerebral aqueduct
regions of brain produced: midbrain
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embryonic development of the brain: hindbrain aka
rhombencephalon
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embryonic development of the brain: metencephalon space produce & regions of brain produced
anterior portion of hindbrain
space produced: fourth ventricle
regions of brain produced: cerebellum, pons
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embryonic development of the brain: myelencephalon space produce & regions of brain produced
posterior portion of hindbrain
space produced: fourth ventricle
regions of brain produced: medulla oblongata
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5 main regions of brain & subparts - location & function - CEREBRUM: central sulcus
aka fissure of rolando, separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
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5 main regions of brain & subparts - location & function - CEREBRUM: cerebral medulla
white matter that makes up part of the cerebrum
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5 main regions of brain & subparts - location & function - CEREBRUM: circular sulcus
separates the insula (island of reil) from the frontal, parietalm and temporal lobes
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5 main regions of brain & subparts - location & function - CEREBRUM: frontal lobe
anterior portion of each cerebral hemisphere; association areas carry on higher intellectual processes for concentrating, planning, complex problem solving, and judging the consequences of behavior. Motor areas control movement of voluntary skeletal muscles.
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5 main regions of brain & subparts - location & function - CEREBRUM: gyri
ridges / convolutions separated by grooves, marks the cerebrum's surface
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5 main regions of brain & subparts - location & function - CEREBRUM: lateral sulcus
fissure of sylvius, separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe
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5 main regions of brain & subparts - location & function - CEREBRUM: insula
aka island of reil, a lobe deep within the lateral sulculs and is covered by parts of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes
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5 main regions of brain & subparts - location & function - CEREBRUM: longitudinal fissure
separates the cerebrum into the right & left cerebral hemispheres that are connected by transverse fibers that are collectively called the corpus callosum.
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5 main regions of brain & subparts - location & function - CEREBRUM: occipital lobe
most posterior part of cerebrum, sensory areas are responsible for vision. Association areas combine visual images with other sensory experiences.
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5 main regions of brain & subparts - location & function - CEREBRUM: parietal lobe
posterior to frontal lobe, sensory areas provide sensations of temperature, touch, pressure, and pain involving the skin. Association areas function in understanding speech and in using words to express thoughts & feelings
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5 main regions of brain & subparts - location & function - CEREBRUM: parieto-occipital fissure
separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe; seen only on the medial surface
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5 main regions of brain & subparts - location & function - CEREBRUM: sulci
a shallow to somewhat deep groov
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5 main regions of brain & subparts - location & function - CEREBRUM: temporal lobe
inferior to frontal & parietal lobes, sensory areas are responsible for hearing; association areas interpret sensory experiences and remember visual scenes, music, and other complex sensory patterns.
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5 main regions of brain & subparts - location & function - CEREBRUM: transverse fissure
separates cerebrum from cerebellum.
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main regions of brain & subparts - location & function - CEREBRAL CORTEX
thin layer of gray matter that covers cerebrum & cerebellum, divded into left & right hemispheres. Constitutes the outermost portion of the cerebrum.
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main regions of brain & subparts - location & function - BASAL NUCLEI (GANGLIA)
masses of gray matter deep within the cerebral hemispheres. Produce inhibitory neurotransmitter dopamine. Neurons of basal nuclei interact with other brain areas, including motor cortext, thalamus, and cerebellum. Facilitates voluntary movement
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main regions of brain & subparts - location & function - DIENCEPHALON
developes from the posterior forebrain and is located between the cerebral hemispheres and superior to the brainstem. Contains thalamus, hypothalamus.
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main regions of brain & subparts - location & function - CEREBELLUM: arbor vitae
tree-like pattern of white matter surrounded by gray matter.
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main regions of brain & subparts - location & function - CEREBELLUM: cerebellar cortex
gray matter cobering white matter
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main regions of brain & subparts - location & function - CEREBELLUM: peduncles
nerve tracts, 3 pairs, communciates w/ other parts of the CNS
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main regions of brain & subparts - location & function - CEREBELLUM: vermis
connects the cerebellar hemispheres at the midline.
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main regions of brain & subparts - location & function - BRAIN STEM: cerebral peduncles
two prominent bundles of nerve fibers on the underside of the midbrain
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main regions of brain & subparts - location & function - BRAIN STEM: corpora quadrigemina
2 pairs of rounded knobs on the superior surface of the midbrain.
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main regions of brain & subparts - location & function - BRAIN STEM: corpus callosum
mass of white matter in brain composed of nerve fibers connecting right & left cerebral hemispheres
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main regions of brain & subparts - location & function - BRAIN STEM: inferior colliculus
part of midbrain, receives input from auditory pathway & auditory cortex.
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main regions of brain & subparts - location & function - BRAIN STEM: infundibulum
conical process behind the optic chiasma to wich the pituitary gland is attached. Part of the diencephalon
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main regions of brain & subparts - location & function - BRAIN STEM: mammilary body
two rounded structures behind the infundibulum. Part of the diencephalon
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main regions of brain & subparts - location & function - BRAIN STEM: medulla oblongata
enlarged continuation of spinal cord, extending from foramen magnum to the pons. Controls heart rate increase/decrease, controls blood vessel contraction/dialation, and rhythm & rate of breathing
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main regions of brain & subparts - location & function - BRAIN STEM: midbrain
short section of brainstem between the diencephalon and the pons. Contains bundles of myelinated nerve fibers that join lower parts of the brain stem & spinal cord with higher parts of the brain.
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main regions of brain & subparts - location & function - BRAIN STEM: optic chiasma
part of the diencephalon, formed by the optic nerve fibers crossing over
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main regions of brain & subparts - location & function - BRAIN STEM: optic nerve
aka cranial nerve 2, transmits visual info from retina to brain.
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main regions of brain & subparts - location & function - BRAIN STEM: pineal gland
forms as a cone-shaped evagination from the roof of the diencephalon
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main regions of brain & subparts - location & function - BRAIN STEM: pituitary gland
hangs from floor of hypothalamus
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main regions of brain & subparts - location & function - BRAIN STEM: pons
rounded bulge on underside of brainstemps where it separates the brain from the medulla oblongata
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structure of a nerve: endoneurium
small amount of loose connective tissue, surrounds individual nerve fibers.
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structure of a nerve: epineurium
outermost layer of connective tissue, dense & includes many collagenous fibers
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structure of a nerve: nerve fiber
inside the endoneurium
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structure of a nerve: neurilemma
outermost layer of the schwann cell.
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structure of a nerve: perineurium
covers a bundle of nerve fibers in a sleeve. Fascicle
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name, function, and whether it is sensory, motor, or mixed: Cranial nerve I
olfactory - sensory - smell
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name, function, and whether it is sensory, motor, or mixed: Cranial nerve II
optic - sensory - vision
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name, function, and whether it is sensory, motor, or mixed: Cranial nerve III
oculomotor - motor - raises eyelids, move eyes, controls amount of light entering eyes, focuses lenses
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name, function, and whether it is sensory, motor, or mixed: Cranial nerve IV
trochlear - motor - moves eyes
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name, function, and whether it is sensory, motor, or mixed: Cranial nerve V
trigeminal - mixed - has an opthalmic (sensory on surface of eyes, tearglands, scalp, forehead, upper eyelids), maxillary (sensory on upper teeth, upper gums, upper lip, lining of palate, skin of face), and mandibular (sensory on scalp, skin of jaw, lower teeth, lower gum, lower lip) divisions. motor fibers transmit impulses to muscles of mastigation and muscles in the floor of mouth.
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name, function, and whether it is sensory, motor, or mixed: Cranial nerve VI
abducens - motor - moves the eyes
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name, function, and whether it is sensory, motor, or mixed: Cranial nerve VII
facial - mixed - sensory: taste receptors on anterior tongue; motor: muscles of facial expression, tear glands, salivary glands.
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name, function, and whether it is sensory, motor, or mixed: Cranial nerve VIII
vestibulocochlear - sensory - assiociated w/ equilibrium and sense of hearing
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name, function, and whether it is sensory, motor, or mixed: Cranial nerve IX
glossopharyngeal - mixed - sensory fibers transmit impulses from pharynx, tonsils, posterior tongue, and catorid arteries. Motor fibers transmit impulses to salivary glands and to muscles of the pharynx used in swallowing.
114
name, function, and whether it is sensory, motor, or mixed: Cranial nerve X
vagus - mixed - somatic fibers transmit impulses associated w/ speech & swallowing; autonomic motor fibers transmit impulses to viscera of thorax & abdomen. Sensory fibers transmit impulses from pharynx, larynx, esophagus, and viscera of thorax & abdomen
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name, function, and whether it is sensory, motor, or mixed: Cranial nerve XI
accessory - motor - transmit impulses to muscles of the soft palate, pharynx, and larynx. Also transmit impulses to neck & back.
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name, function, and whether it is sensory, motor, or mixed: Cranial nerve XII
hypoglossal - motor - transmit impulses to muscles that move the tongue (chewing, speaking, swallowing)
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major nerve plexus & related nerves: axillary nerve
muscles and skin of anterior, lateral, and posterior regions of the arm.
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major nerve plexus & related nerves: brachial plexus
anterior branches of the lower 4 cervical nerves and the first thoracic nerve - deep in the shoulders between neck & armpit. Major branches: musculocutaneous, ulnar, median, radial, and axillary nerves
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major nerve plexus & related nerves: cervical nerves
C1 - C8 - arise in first 8 vertebrae
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major nerve plexus & related nerves: cervical plexus
deep in neck on either side, formed by anterior branches of the first 4 cervical nerves. Supply muscles and skin of neck.
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major nerve plexus & related nerves: coccygeal nerves
last nerve of the spinal nerve, associated w/ coccyx bone.
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major nerve plexus & related nerves: common peroneal (fibular) nerve
branches from the sciatic nerve, supply muscles and skin in thigh, legs & feet
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major nerve plexus & related nerves: femoral nerve
muscles of anterior thigh, sensory from skin of thighs & legs
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major nerve plexus & related nerves: intercostal nerves
supply motor impulses to the intercostal muscles and the upper abdominal wall muscles.
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major nerve plexus & related nerves: lumbar nerves
arise in lumbar region of spine
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major nerve plexus & related nerves: lumbosacral plexus
last thoracic nerve & the lumbar, sacral and coccygeal nerves. Give rise to motor & sensory fibers associated w/ the lower ab wall, external genitalia, butt, thighs, legs & feet.
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major nerve plexus & related nerves: median nerve
muscles of forearms and muscles and skin of hands
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major nerve plexus & related nerves: musculocutaneous nerve
muscles of arm on anterior side and skin of forearms
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major nerve plexus & related nerves: obturator nerve
adductor muscles of the thighs
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major nerve plexus & related nerves: phrenic nerve
muscle fibers of the diaphragm
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major nerve plexus & related nerves: radial nerve
muscles of arm on posterior side and skin of forearms and hands
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major nerve plexus & related nerves: sacral nerve
arise in sacral region
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major nerve plexus & related nerves: sciatic nerve
largest & longest nerves in body, pass downward into butt and descend into thighs where they divide into tibial and fibular nerves.
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major nerve plexus & related nerves: thoracic nerve
arise in throracic region of the spine
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major nerve plexus & related nerves: tibial nerve
branches from sciatic nerve, muscles and skin in the thighs, legs and feet.
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major nerve plexus & related nerves: ulnar nerve
forearm muscles and hand skin & muscles
137
sympathetic nervous system in terms of location, structure, physiology, and chemical transmitters
centers are in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord, prepares body for energy-expending, stressful, or emergency situations. ganglia are located in paravertebral chain (lateral to vertebral column) and collateral (closer to the effector organ than the paravertebral ganglia). preganglionic neurons are very short & myelinated, post are very long and unmelinated. secrete epinephrine & norepinephrine & ACh.
138
parasympathetic nervous system in terms of location, structure, physiology, and chemical transmitters
Most active under ordinary, non-stressful situations. Counterbalances the effects of sympathetic division and restores the body to a resting state following a stressful experience. Ganglia are located near or within the organ supplied and are called terminal ganglia. axons of preganglionic neurons are very long and myelinated, postganglionic are very short and unmyelinated. secrete Ach.
139
distinguish between adrenergic and cholinergic fibers
cholinergic: secrete ach (acetylcholine). Adrenergic: secrete norephinephrine.
140
components of autonomic reflex: collateral ganglion
in the abdomen, closely associated with certain large blood vessels.
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components of autonomic reflex: paravertebral ganglion
nerve cell tissue mass (ganglia) lateral to vertebral column
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components of autonomic reflex: postganglionic fiber
a PRE-ganglion fiber is the axon of brain or spinal cord cell. It leaves the CNS and synapses with one or more neurons whose cell bodies are within an autonomic ganglion (postganglion)
143
components of autonomic reflex: posterior / dorsal root
afferent sensory root of spinal nerve. Goes into the spinal cord.
144
components of autonomic reflex: posterior /dorsal root ganglion
nodule on dorsal root of the spine that carries signals from sensory organs toward the appropriate integration center. AFFERENT
145
components of autonomic reflex: preganglionic fiber
the axon of brain or spinal cord cell - leaves CNS and synapses w/ one or more neurons whose cell bodies are within a postganglion fiber
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components of autonomic reflex: spinal ganglion
aka dorsal root ganglion
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components of autonomic reflex: spinal nerve
provide 2-way communication between the spinal cord and parts of the upper & lower limbs, neck, trunk.
148
components of autonomic reflex: sympathetic ganglion
located in chains along the sides of the vertebral column. These ganglia, with the fibers that connect them, comprise the sympathetic trunks.
149
components of autonomic reflex: sympathetic trunk
sympathetic ganglia and the fibers that connect them
150