Chapter 19: Oncology Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
Define neoplasms
A
- new growths
- arrise from normal tissue
- malignant or benign
2
Q
Define malignant tumors
A
- invasion
- spread to surrounding/distant sites
3
Q
Define benign tumors
A
- noninvasive
- doesn’t spread to other site
4
Q
Define benign
A
- slow growing
- encapsulated, noninvasive
- well-differentiated
- nonmetastic
5
Q
Define malignant
A
- rapid multiply
- invasive, infiltrative
- anaplastic, undifferentiated
- metastatic
6
Q
What are epithelial cells origin, and 90% of all malignancies are this…
A
carcinomas
7
Q
What are connective tissue origin, and 5% of all malignancies?
A
sarcomas
8
Q
Define mixed tissue tumors
What is another name for this?
A
- tissues that differentiate into epithelial, connective tissue
- teratomas
9
Q
What are the types of pathological descriptions gross?
A
- cystic
- fungating
- inflammatory
- necrotic
- ulcerating
10
Q
What are the types of pathological descriptions microscopic?
A
- alveolar
- carcinoma in situ
- diffuse
- dysplastic
- epidermoid
- follicular
- papillary
- undifferentiated
11
Q
What is the grade of tumors?
A
degree of maturity/differentiation under a microscope
12
Q
What is the stage of tumors?
A
extent of spread in the body
13
Q
What are the types of surgical cancer treatments?
A
- cauterization
- core needle biopsy
- cryosurgery
- excisional biospy
- fine needle aspiration biopsy
- incisional biopsy
14
Q
What are the types of radiation therapy for cancer treatment?
What is another name for it?
A
- brachytherapy
- electron beams
- external beam radiation (teletherapy)
- linear accelerator
- photon therapy
- proton therapy
- palliative
- radiation oncology
15
Q
Define anaplasia
A
loss of differentiation of cells
16
Q
Define angiogenesis
A
process of forming new blood vessels
17
Q
Define antibiotics
A
pertianing to against bacteria
- chemicals produced b bacteria/plants
- inhibit growth of cells
18
Q
Define benign tumor
A
noncancerous growth
(neoplasm)
19
Q
Define carcinogens
A
cancer-causing agents
20
Q
Define carcinoma
What is it made up of?
A
cancerous tumor
- made up of epithelial origin cells
21
Q
Define chemotherapy
A
treatment with drugs/chemicals
22
Q
Define dedifferentiation
A
loss of differentiation of cells
23
Q
Define electron beams
A
- low-energy beams of radiation
- treatment of skin/surface rumors
24
Q
Define infiltrative
A
extending beyond normal tissue boundaries into adjacent tissues
25
Define invasive
ability to enter, destroy surrounding tissue
26
Define linear accelerator
- large electronic device
- produce high-energy x-ray means
- treat deep-seated tumors
27
Define metastasis
beyond control
- spread of malignant to a secondary site
28
Define modality
method of treatment
- surgery
- chemotherapy
- irradiation
29
Define morbidity
condition of being unwell
- deficient in normal function
30
Define palliative
- relieving
- not curing symptoms
31
Define photon therapy
radiation therapy
- use energy (x-rays/gamma rays)
32
Define protocol
Detailed plan for treatment of illness
33
Define radiation
energy carried by stream of particle
34
Define radiotherapy
treatment of tumors
- use doses/radiation
35
Define serous
appearance of thin, watery fluid
36
Define solid tumor
tumor composed of a mass of cells
37
Define virus
infectious agent
- reproduces by entering a host
38
Define cachexia
- wasting syndrome
- bad health
39
Define oncology
study of tumors
40
Define dysplastic
bad formation
41
Define osteosarcoma
malignant flesh tumor of the bone
42
Define adenocarcinoma
malignant tumor of the glandular tissue
43
Define hyperplasia
excessive growth of cells
44
What is a protein marker test
measure the level of proteins in blood/surface of tumor cells
45
What are the different types of clinical procedures to detect or treat malignancies?
- bone marrow biopsy
- bone marrow/stem cell transplant
- core needle biopsy
- laparoscopy
- mammography
- PET- CT Scans
- MRI
- Needle biopsy
- radionuclide scans
46
Unabbreviate BMT
bone marrow transplant
47
Unabbreviate bx
biopsy
48
Unabbreviate CA
cancer
49
Unabbreviate CEA
carcinoembryonic antigen
50
Unabbreviate chemo
chemotherapy
51
Unabbreviate 5-FU
5-fluorouracil
52
Unabbreviate mets
metastases
53
Unabbreviate NHL
non-hodgkin lymphoma
54
Unabbreviate NSCLC
non-small cell lung cancer
55
Unabbreviate Pap smear
Papanicolaou smear
56
Unabbreviate PSA
prostate-specific antigen
57
Unabbreviate TNM
tumor, nodes, metastases
58
How many sites can metastasis spread to
- primary
- 1, multiple secondary
59
60
What organs are composed of epithelial tissue?
- gastrointestinal tract
- glandular tissue
- thyroid
- reproductive organs
- skin
61
What organs of glandular tissue are composed of epithelial tissue?
- breast
- pancreas
- prostate
- salivary glands
62
What connective tissue can sarcomas be derives from?
- smooth muscle
- fat
- nerves
- leukoctyes
- lymphocyte
63
What type of organs can produce mixed tissue tumors?
- kidney
teratoma
- ovaries/testies
64
Define cystic
the forming of large open spaces filled with fluid
65
Define fungating
mushroom pattern of growth of tumor cells
- pile on top of one another
- project from tissue surface
66
Define necrotic
pertaining to dead tissue
67
Define Ulcerating
open, exposed surface
- death of overlined tissue
68
Define aveolar
tumor cells
- form patterns in resemblance to small sacs
69
Define carcinoma in situ
referring to localize tumor cells
- does not invaded in adjacent structure
70
Define Diffuse
spread evenly through out effective tissue
71
Define dysplatic
containing abnormal appearing cells
- not clearly cancerous
72
Define epidermoid
resembling squamous epithelial cells
- thin plate-like
73
Define follicular
small, round gland type of cluster
74
Define papillary
forming of small finger-like/nipple-like projections of cells
75
Define undifferentiated
lacking a microscope structure
- topical normal mature cells
76
When grading tumors, how many grades are usually used?
1-4
77
What is grade 1 of tumors?
- well differentiated
- closely resemble normal cells
78
What is stage 4 for tumors?
- undefferentiated
-
79
Define TN&M
T:
tumor (size, degree, local extension)
N:
nodes (how many have been invaded/cancerous)
Metastasis
80
Define cauterization
destrusction of tissue
- burning
81
Define core needle biopsy
large core needle
- extracts the core of tissue
82
Define cryosurgery
destroy tissue
- use subfreezing temp.
83
Define excisional biopsy
removal of tumor, margin of tissue
- use for diagnosis
84
Define fine needle aspiration biopsy
thin need in tumor
- extract cells for microscopic evaluation
85
Define incisional biopsy
piece of tumor removed
- establish diagnosis
- more extensive surgical procedure, treatment
86
Define brachytherapy
small sealed containers of radio active material
- inserted into tumor
87
Define electron beams
low energy beam
- protreate skin/surface of tumors
88
Define external beam radiation (teletherapy)
radiation applied to tumor from a distant source
89
Define linear accelerator
large electronic device
- produce high energy x-ray beams
- treat deep-seated tumors
90
Define photon therapy
radiation
- linear accelerator use x-ray/gamma ray
91
Define proton therapy
small subantomic (+) charge particles
92
Define palliative
- relieving symptoms
93
Define bone marrow biospy
- aspiration of bone marrow cells
- removal of bone marrow tissue
94
Define bone marrow or stem cell transplant
bone cells/stem cells infused intravenously
95
Define laparoscopy
visual examination of abdominal cavity
- use small incision, laparscope
96
Define mammography
x-ray examination of breast
- detect cancer
97
Define PET- CT Scan
diagnostic procedure combined with CT, PET
- scan whole body for tumors
98
Define MRI
Magnetic Resonace Imaging
99
Define Radionuclide scans
radio active substance injected intravenously
- scan organs obtained
- detect tumor or metastasis
100
Define glioma
What other types of tumors does it contain?
- primary brain tumor
- astrocytoma
- ependymoma
- glioblastoma
101
Define hypernephroma
kidney tumor
102
Define melanoma
tumor of pigmented skin cells
103
Define mesothelioma
tumor of cells within the pleura
104
Define thymoma
thymus gland tumor
