Chapter 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Compound
A
-2 or more elements joined together
2
Q
Organic Compounds
A
-Contain carbon
3
Q
Water (H2O)
A
- Makes up 60%-80% of cell volume
- Inorganic
- Polar molecule
4
Q
Water as a solvent
A
-Allows the body to transport nutrients
5
Q
Properties of Water
A
- High heat capacity
- High heat of vaporization
6
Q
Electrolytes
A
- Conduct electrical current
- Dissociate in water into positively and negatively charged ions
7
Q
Uses of Electrolytes
A
- Propagation of nerve impulses
- Contraction of muscle
- Maintaining voltages across cell membranes
8
Q
Monosaccharides
A
Simple sugars
9
Q
Functions of Carbon
A
- Source of cellular fuel
- Structural molecules
- Attached to outside of cell membranes
10
Q
Cellular Respiration
A
-Converts sugars and O2 into CO2, H2O and ATP
11
Q
Carbon Structural Molecules
A
- Ribose sugar in RNA
- Deoxyribose sugar in DNA
12
Q
Carbon attached to outside of cell mem.
A
- Cell interaction molecules
- Cell recognition structures
13
Q
Lipids
A
- Triglycerides
- Phospholipids
- Steroids
14
Q
Saturated Fatty Acids
A
- Single covalent bonds between Carbon atoms
- Ex: Butter
15
Q
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
A
- One or more double bonds between Carbon atoms
- Ex: Olive oil
16
Q
Triglycerides
A
- Non-polar
- Hydrophobic
- Mostly subcutaneous and around organs
- Insulates and protects organs
- Main source of energy storage for body
17
Q
Phospholipids
A
- Contain Phosphorus
- Found in plasma membranes
18
Q
Steroids
A
- Structure: 3-6 C rings attached to 1-5 carbon ring
- Cholesterol
19
Q
Cholesterol
A
- Component of cell membranes
- Precursor for steroid hormones
- Precursor for bile salts
- Precursor for Vitamin D
20
Q
Steroid hormones
A
- Progesterone
- Testosterone
21
Q
Bile salts
A
-Important in the breakdown of fats
22
Q
Vitamin D
A
-Important in calcium absorption and bone health
23
Q
Proteins
A
- Structural-form structures in cells, tissues and organs
- Functional (Enzymes)-Bring molecules together or split them apart in chemical reactions
24
Q
Amino Acids
A
- 20 different amino acids
- 8 Essential-cannot be produced in body, must be taken in during diet
- 12 non essential-can be produced in the body
25
How many amino acids make a protein?
- 2 amino acids make a peptide
- 3+ amino acids make a polypeptide
- 50+ amino acids make a protein
- Most proteins are 100-10,000 amino acids
26
Protein structure
Proteins are arranged in secondary, then tertiary, then quaternary structures
27
Fibrous Proteins
- Collagen
- Elastin
- Keratin
- Actin and Myosin
28
Fibrous Protein Properties
- Structural
- Linear
- Insoluble in water
- Stable
29
Collagen
- Can withstand tension
- Found in:
- Connective tissue
- Skin
30
Elastin
Found in:
- Skin
- Around Arteries
- Organs that need to stretch
- Ligaments
31
Keratin
Found in:
- Hair
- Nails
- Skin
32
Actin and Myosin
-Contract to produce tension
Found in:
-Inside muscle cells
33
Globular Proteins
- Antibodies
- Hormones
- Enzymes
- Hemoglobin
34
Globular Protein Properties
- Spherical
- Soluble in water
- Chemically active
35
Antibodies
-Proteins produced by immune cells which recognize foreign antigens
36
Hormones
-Biologically active molecules secreted by endocrine glands
37
Enzymes
- Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in cells
- Usually end in -ase
- Lowers activation energy
38
Activation Energy
-Energy required to start a chemical reaction
39
Hydrolysis
- Hydro-water
- Lysis-Cut
- A chemical reaction in which water is added to break a larger compound into smaller subunits
40
Dehydration Synthesis
- A chemical reaction during which water is removed
| - Two smaller molecules join to form a larger molecule
41
Nucleic Acids
- DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
- RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
- Large nucleotide polymers
42
DNA vs RNA
DNA
-Contains our genetic material
-Provides all the info used to make proteins
RNA
-Copies genetic info from DNA and uses it to make proteins
-Actually does the work
43
Nucleotides
-Phosphate group
-Pentose Sugar
Ribose (RNA)
Deoxyribose (DNA)
-Nitrogenous Base
A, C, G, T and U(RNA)
44
DNA
-2 polynucleotide chains twisted to form double helix
-Bases bind specifically to each other
A to T
C to G
-Sugar is Deoxyribose
45
RNA
- Usually single stranded
- Sugar is Ribose
- No Thymine, Uracil is used
46
Types of RNA
- mRNA (Messenger RNA)
- tRNA (Transfer RNA)
- rRNA (Ribosomal RNA)
47
Messenger RNA
- Complimentary copy of DNA that serves as the code for making a protein.
- Formed during the process of transcription
48
Transfer RNA
- Transfer specific amino acid to polypeptide chain
| - Amino acid corresponds to a specific anti codon, complementary to mRNA
49
Ribosomal RNA
- Componenet of the ribsome
| - Helps facilitate interactions between mRNA and tRNA
50
ATP
- Primary energy transferring molecule in cells
| - Provides energy that is immediately usable by cells in the body
51
Function of ATP
-Phosphorylation
52
Phosphorylation
-Terminal phosphates are transferrer to and energize other molecules
