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A&P 1 > Exam 3 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 3 Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

List the functions of the skeletal system.

A 
Support
Protection
Movement 
Storage
Hematopoiesis
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2
Q

Support

A

Provide a framework for the body.

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3
Q

Protection

A

Protects internal organs.

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4
Q

Movement

A

Skeletal muscles attach to bones to move body parts.

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5
Q

Storage

A

Calcium(98%), Fat (Triglycerides)

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6
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

production of blood cells (RBCs and WBCs) by hematopoietic stem cells (hematocytoblasts)

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7
Q

How are bones classified

A 
Long bones (Humerus)
Short bones (Carpal bones)
Flat bones (Sternum)
Irregular bones (Vertebra)
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8
Q

What is bone matrix comprised of?

A

67% Hydroxyapaties
-Calcium Phosphate
-Calcium Carbonate
33% Collagen

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9
Q

Name the 4 bone cells

A

Osteogenic
Osteoblast
Osteoclast
Osteocytes

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10
Q

Osteogenic cells

A

Mitotically active

Stem cells

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11
Q

Osteoblast

A

Bone forming cells
Secrete bone matrix
Collagen and Osteoid

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12
Q

Osteoclast

A

Giant multinucleate cell derived from stem cells in bone matrix
Degrade bone matrix
Ruffled border
Increase surface area for degrading bone matrix

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13
Q

Osteocytes

A

Reside in lacuna
Monitor their environment
Maintain bone matrix by regulating osteoblasts and osteoclasts

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14
Q

Compact Bone

A

Outer parts of bone, strengthens it

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15
Q

Spongy Bone

A

Inner parts of bones

Allows for nerve and vessels to run through the bone

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16
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft

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17
Q

Epiphysis

A

Ends of bone

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18
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

Former growth plate

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19
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

Cartilage at ends of bone

  • Made of hyaline
  • No nerves
  • Enables bones to glide
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20
Q

Yellow Bone Marrow

A

Fat Storage

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21
Q

Red Bone Marrow

A

Production of red blood cells

Contains hematopoietic stem cells

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22
Q

Stem cells can differentiate into…

A

WBC
RBC
Platelets

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23
Q

Parts of Osteon

A

Central Canal
Lamella
Lacuna

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24
Q

Central Canal

A

Blood vessels

Nerve fibers

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25
Lamella
Rings around central canal
26
Lacuna
Where the osteocytes sit
27
Steps of intramembranous ossification
Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts Osteoids calcify- forming the bone matrix Trabeculae and periosteum form Trabeculae deep to periostium are replaced by compact bone- forming compact bone plates
28
Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts
Osteoblasts start laying down matrix (collagen, osteoid) form ossification centers
29
Osteoids calcify- forming the bone matrix
Trapped osteoblasts turn into osteocytes
30
Trabeculae and periosteum form
Osteoid is laid down between embryonic blood vessels forming trabeculae Vascularized mesenchyme condenses and becomes the periosteum
31
Trabeculae deep to periosteum are replaced by compact bone-forming compact bone plates
Spongy bone (diploe) persists inside
32
List the steps of endochondral ossification
Bone collar forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model Cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and then develops cavities The periosteal bud invades internal cavities and spongy bone forms The diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms. Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphysis The epiphysis ossify. When completed, hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages
33
Events in longitudinal bone growth
``` Resting (quiescent) zone Growth (proliferation) zone Hypertrophic zone Calcification zone Ossification ```
34
Resting (quiescent) zone
Resting chondrocytes
35
Growth (proliferation) zone
Chondrocytes undergo mitosis
36
Hypertrophic zone
Chondrocytes undergo hypertrophy (Get bigger) | Secrete extracellular matrix
37
Calcification zone
Matrix becomes calcified | Chondrocytes die
38
Ossification
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts invade from medullary cavity | Osteoblasts deposit osteoid on cartilage fragments forming spongy bone
39
Bone Closure in males vs. females
Males: 21 years Females: 18 years
40
What is appositional bone growth?
Widening of bones Outer bone diameter widens Medullary cavity also widens bone doesn’t get heavier
41
Name and describe the effects of hormones (before and after puberty) on bone development.
``` Childhood -Growth hormone,LiverIGF-1,Thyroid Hormone -Stimulates growth at epiphyseal plate Puberty -Sex hormones ```
42
15. Describe bone remodeling and when it occurs.
Spongy bone replaced every 3-4 years | Compact bone replaces ever 10 years
43
PTH
Produced in response to low blood calcium levels Stimulates osteoclasts to breakdown bone and release calcium into blood Increases renal absorption of calcium from urine
44
Calcitonin (Thyroid)
Produced in response to high blood calcium levels | Stimulates osteoblast activity and inhibits osteoclast activity to move calcium from blood into bones
45
Calcitrol
Hormone stimulating absorption of calcium in small intestine
46
What is Wolff’s Law?
Bone grows or remodels in response to the mechanical stresses placed on it
47
Give some examples of Wolff’s law in action.
Bone spurs from walking | Added bone matrix from vigorous exercise
48
Normal Bone Repair
Hematoma forms Fibrocartilaginous callus forms Bony callus forms Bone remodeling occurs
49
What are some ways in which technology can be used to encourage bone growth?
Electric stimulation | Bone Grafts
50
Bone Grafts
Autograft (Self) Allograft (cadaver) Artificial (biodegradable ceramic)
51
What are the ways in which joints can be characterized in terms of their function?
Synarthroses-immovable joints Amphiarthroses-slightly movable joints Diarthroses-freely movable joints
52
Describe a fibrous joint.
Joints joined by dense fibrous connective tissue; no joint cavity; no fluid; mostly synarthrotic
53
3 examples of fibrous joints
Suture Syndesmoses Gomphoses
54
Suture
“seam” of fibrous connective tissue between bone | -Between skull bones, allow skull to expand as brain grows
55
Syndesmoses
Syndesmoses-bones connected by ligaments - Tibia/fibula - Ulna/Radius
56
Gomphoses
peg in socket fibrous joint | -Periodontal ligament holds tooth in socket
57
Describe a cartilaginous joint.
Articulating bones united by cartilage; no joint cavity; most are synarthroses
58
Describe 2 types of cartilaginous joint.
Syndochondroses-bones united by hyaline cartilage -Joint between first rib and sternum Symphyses-bones united by fibrocartilage -Pubic Symphysis
59
Synovial Joint
Articulating bones separated by fluid filled joint cavity Diarthrotic Most limb joints
60
Parts of Synovial
Articular Cartilage Articular Capsule Synovial Fluid Reinforcing ligaments
61
Articular Cartilage
Hyaline cartilage covering opposing bone surfaces Absorb compressive forces Allows bones to glide over one another
62
Articular Capsule
``` Double layered capsule enclosing the joint cavity -Fibrous Layer (Outer layer) a.Continuous with periosteum b.Dense irregular cartilage -Synovial Membrane (inner layer) a.Makes synovial fluid Specialized blood filtrate Contains Hyaluronic acid ```
63
Synovial Fluid
Lubricates joints Reduces friction between cartilages Provides nourishment to cartilage Contains hyaluronic acid
64
Reinforcing ligaments
Capsular-thickened parts of the fibrous layer Extracapsular-found outside the fibrous layer Intracapsular-found deep to the fibrous layer
65
Angular Movements
Flexion Extension Hyperextension
66
Rotational Movements
Lateral Rotation | Medial Rotation
67
Planar Movement
Flexion of foot | Extension of foot
68
Abduction
Moving away from body
69
Adduction
Moving towards the body
70
Circumduction
Rotating arm
71
Lateral rotation
Rotation away from midline
72
Medial rotation
Rotation towards midline
73
Supination
Rotating palm inferior to superior
74
Pronation
Rotating palm superior to inferior
75
Elevation
lifting body part superiorly
76
Depression
Moving body part inferior
77
Protraction
moving body part anteriorly
78
Retraction
Moving body part posteriorly
79
Opposition
thumb touching fingers
80
Elbow
Hinge joint Uniaxial movement -Flexion -Extension
81
Shoulder
Ball and socket joint Multiaxial movement Very easily dislocated
82
Hip
Ball and socket joint
83
d. Knee
The terrible three - Tibial collateral ligament (TCL) - Medial meniscus - Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

A&P 1 (14 decks)

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