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A&P 1 > Exam 1 study guide > Flashcards

Exam 1 study guide Flashcards

1
Q

What are the levels of structural organization in the body?

A
  • Chemical Level
  • Cellular Level
  • Tissue Level
  • Organ Level
  • Organ System Level
  • Organismal Level
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2
Q

Dorsal Cavity

A
  • Cranial cavity

- Vertebral cavity

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3
Q

Ventral Cavity

A
  • Thoracic Cavity

- Abdominopelvic cavity

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4
Q

What is Anatomical position?

A
  • Standing straight up
  • Arms at side
  • Palms facing forward
  • Head and feet facing forward
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5
Q

What are the 3 planes of dissection?

A
  • Transverse
  • Sagittal
  • Coronal (frontal)
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6
Q

Transverse Plane

A

-Cuts body into top and bottom

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7
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

-Cuts body into left and right

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8
Q

Coronal Plane

A

-Cuts body into front and back

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9
Q

5 pairs of directional terms

A
  • Dorsal (posterior) vs ventral (anterior)
  • Medial vs lateral
  • Proximal vs. distal
  • Superior vs inferior
  • Superficial vs deep
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10
Q

8 necessary life functions

A
  • Homeostasis
  • Movement
  • Responsiveness
  • Digestion
  • Metabolism
  • Excretion
  • Reproduction
  • Growth
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11
Q

What is the relationship between homeostasis and negative feedback loops?

A

-They both work to keep balance in the body

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12
Q

5 major groups of organic biomolecules

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Amino Acids
  • Nucleic Acids
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13
Q

What makes water such an important biomolecule?

A
  • Must abundant compound in the body
  • High heat capacity
  • High heat of vaporization
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14
Q

What are electrolytes and why are they important?

A
  • Conduct electrical current

- Dissociate in water into positively and negatively charged ions

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15
Q

Fibrous Proteins

A

-Structural, linear, insoluble in water, stable

Ex: Collagen, Elastin, Keratin, Actin, Myosin

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16
Q

Globular Protein

A

-Spherical, soluble in water, chemically active

Ex: antibodies, hormones, enzymes

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17
Q

What does it mean if a protein is denatured?

A
  • When a protein loses its shape
  • Peptide bonds are intact
  • Hydrogen bonds are disrupted
  • Caused by heat, rise in pH
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18
Q

What are enzymes? How do they work?

A
  • Globular proteins that increase the speed of chemical reactions
  • Usually end in -ase
  • Lower the activation energy
  • Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions
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19
Q

Difference between DNA and RNA?

A
  • DNA contains genetic material
  • DNA provides all of the info used to make proteins
  • RNA copies genetic info from DNA and uses it to make proteins
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20
Q

Hydrolysis

A
  • A chemical reaction in which water is added to break a larger compound into smaller subunits
  • Silicon dioxide is an example
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21
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A
  • A chemical reaction which water is removed
  • Two smaller molecules join to form a larger molecule
  • Maltose is an example
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22
Q

Plasma Membrane biomolecules

A
  • Lipids

- Proteins

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23
Q

Simple diffusion vs osmosis vs facilitated diffusion

A
  • Simple diffusion allows molecules to diffuse directly through the phospholipid bilayer
  • Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane
  • Facilitated diffusion molecules diffuse through channels down concentration gradient
24
Q

Difference between passive and active transport

A
  • Active: Requires ATP, molecules move against concentration gradient
  • Passive: Does not require ATP, molecules move down a concentration gradient
25
Isotonic solutions
- Usually 0.9% NaCl or 5% glucose. | - Cells strive in this solution
26
Hypotonic solutions
-Less concentrated
27
Hypertonic solutions
- More concentrated >0.9% NaCl or >5% glucose | - Cells shrivel up in this solution
28
Endocytosis
-Uptake of large particles or numerous particles into cells through vesicles -Form of active transport Ex: Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis
29
Exocytosis
-Moving particles out | Ex of Molecules exocytosed: hormones, neurotransmitters, mucus
30
Organelles found in a cell
- Mitochondria - Cytoplasm - Ribosomes - Endoplasmic Reticulum - Golgi Apparatus - Lysosomes - Peroxisomes - Cytoskeleton - Nucleus
31
Mitochondria
- Power house of cell | - Helps with aerobic respiration
32
Cytoplasm
-Area between plasma membrane and nuclear membrane
33
Ribosomes
-Sites of Protein synthesis
34
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Ribosomes attached | - Ribosomes synthesize membrane proteins or proteins that are exported
35
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
- No ribosomes - Contains enzymes involved in lipid synthesis, steroid hormone synthesis - Detoxify drugs
36
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
- In muscles | - Regulates calcium needed for muscle contraction
37
Golgi Apparatus
-Modifies, sorts and packages proteins made in the ER
38
Lysosomes
- Digest bacteria taken in by endocytosis - Digest non functional organelles - Digest non functional tissue
39
Peroxisomes
-Enzymes detoxify harmful substances
40
Cytoskeleton
-The cells skeleton
41
Nucleus
-Control center of the cell
42
Examples of cells having more than one or less than one nucleus
- Skeletal muscle (multinucleate) | - Red blood cells (anucleate)
43
Transcription
-DNA information encoded in mRNA
44
Translation
-mRNA decoded to assemble polypeptides (proteins)
45
Microfilaments
``` -Help with: Cell shape Cell contraction Reinforce the plasma membrane Cytokinesis ```
46
Intermediate Filaments
-Help cells resist tension
47
Microtubules
-Position and suspend organelles
48
Why are electrolytes important?
- Propagation of nerve impulses - Contraction of muscle - Maintain voltages across cell membranes
49
Examples of Active Transport
-H2O moving through a semi permeable membrane to the salt concentrated side
50
Carbohydrate functions
- Major source of cellular fuel | - Helps DNA and RNA structurally
51
Lipid functions
- Insulates and protects organs | - Energy storage
52
Protein functions
-Enzymes, speed up chemical reactions
53
Amino acid functions
- Transport and store nutrients | - Give cells their structure
54
Nucleic acid functions
-Translation and transcription of genetic information
55
Carbohydrate Structure
-Carbon ring with 1 oxygen inside the ring
56
Lipid structure
-Line of Carbon chain with a double bonded Oxygen on one end
57
Amino acid structure
-Carboxyl group, amino group, hydrogen and R Group

A&P 1 (14 decks)

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