Chapter 2 Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
chemical element
A
pure substance that can’t be broken down
2
Q
bulk elements
A
make up majority of every living cell C, H, O, N
3
Q
matter
A
any material that takes up space
4
Q
subatomic particles
A
protons, neutrons, electrons
5
Q
atomic number
A
number of protons in nucleus arranged sequentially in periodic table
6
Q
ion
A
charged atom or molecule; lost or gained electrons
7
Q
mass number
A
number of protons and neutrons in nucleus
8
Q
isotope
A
any of the different forms of the same element, distinguished by number of neutrons
9
Q
atomic mass
A
average mass of all isotopes of an element
10
Q
half-life
A
time it takes for 1/2 of atoms in a sample to emit radiation (decay) to a different, more stable form
11
Q
energy shell
A
1st: 2 spaces for electrons 2nd: 8 3rd: 8
12
Q
valence shell
A
outermost occupied energy shell; most stable when full
13
Q
electronegativity
A
measure of an atom’s ability to attract electrons
14
Q
ionic bond
A
giving, gaining of electrons
15
Q
covalent bond
A
2 atoms share electrons
16
Q
polar covalent bond
A
more electronegative atom’s nucleus has stronger pull on electron pair (ex: h20)
17
Q
noble gases
A
have full valence shells
18
Q
hydrogen bond
A
atom with a partial negative charge attracts a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge (ex: multiple water molecules link together)
19
Q
cohesion
A
tendency of water molecules to stick together (H bonds)
20
Q
adhesion
A
tendency for water to form H bonds with other substances
21
Q
capillary action
A
water is pulled through tubes due to cohesion and adhesion
22
Q
solvent
A
has ability to dissolve solutes
23
Q
solution
A
1+ solutes dissolved in liquid solvent
24
Q
hydrophilic
A
either polar or charged
25
hydrophobic
nonpolar; won't dissolve
26
H+ ion
hydrogen atom stripped of its electron
27
acid
high in H+; lower than 7 on pH scale
28
base
high in OH-; higher than 7 on pH scale
29
organic molecule
compound that contains carbon and hydrogen 4 types: carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
30
dehydration synthesis
enzyme removes -OH hydroxyl group from 1 molecule and H from another, forming H20 and a new covalent bond
31
hydrolysis
enzyme breaks covalent bond using H20
32
carbohydrates
organic molecules of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen 1:2:1
33
lipids
hydrophobic; non polar bonds
34
triglyceride
3 long hydrocarbon chains (fatty acids) bonded to glycerol; produced via dehydration synthesis
35
saturated fat
solid at room temp; single Carbon bonds
36
unsaturated fat
liquid at room temp; at least on double Carbon bond
37
trans fat
unsaturated fat with straight tails; artificial
38
protein
chain of amino acids
39
components of a protein
-amino group -R group -hydrogen atom -central carbon atom -carboxyl group
40
peptide bonds
covalent bonds that link amino acids via dehydration synthesis
41
primary protein structure
amino acid sequence of polypeptide chain
42
secondary protein structure
initial folding of protein initiated by hydrogen bonds
43
tertiary protein structure
formation of overall 3D shape of protein
44
quaternary protein structure
combination of multiple polypeptide units of the same protein
45
denaturation
loss of structure (and function) of protein due to heat, pH, or salt
46
nucleic acid
sequence with encoded primary structure of protein
47
composition of nucleic acid
nucleotides (monomers): -sugar -nitrogenous base -phosphate group
48
nitrogenous bases
DNA or RNA: -adenine -cytosine -guanine DNA: -thymine RNA: -uracil
49
DNA characteristics
-complementary base pairings AT and CG -double helix -hydrogen bonds -holds genetic code
50
RNA functions
-enables cells to use DNA -ATP carries energy -can function as an enzyme
51
# Reverse
pure substance that can't be broken down
chemical element
52
# Reverse
make up majority of every living cell C, H, O, N
bulk elements
53
# Reverse
any material that takes up space
matter
54
# Reverse
protons, neutrons, electrons
subatomic particles
55
# Reverse
number of protons in nucleus arranged sequentially in periodic table
atomic number
56
# Reverse
charged atom or molecule; lost or gained electrons
ion
57
# Reverse
number of protons and neutrons in nucleus
mass number
58
# Reverse
any of the different forms of the same element, distinguished by number of neutrons
isotope
59
# Reverse
average mass of all isotopes of an element
atomic mass
60
# Reverse
time it takes for 1/2 of atoms in a sample to emit radiation (decay) to a different, more stable form
half-life
61
# Reverse
1st: 2 spaces for electrons 2nd: 8 3rd: 8
energy shell
62
# Reverse
outermost occupied energy shell; most stable when full
valence shell
63
# Reverse
measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons
electronegativity
64
# Reverse
giving, gaining of electrons
ionic bond
65
# Reverse
2 atoms share electrons
covalent bond
66
# Reverse
more electronegative atom's nucleus has stronger pull on electron pair (ex: h20)
polar covalent bond
67
# Reverse
have full valence shells
noble gases
68
# Reverse
atom with a partial negative charge attracts a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge (ex: multiple water molecules link together)
hydrogen bond
69
# Reverse
tendency of water molecules to stick together (H bonds)
cohesion
70
# Reverse
tendency for water to form H bonds with other substances
adhesion
71
# Reverse
water is pulled through tubes due to cohesion and adhesion
capillary action
72
# Reverse
has ability to dissolve solutes
solvent
73
# Reverse
1+ solutes dissolved in liquid solvent
solution
74
# Reverse
either polar or charged
hydrophilic
75
# Reverse
nonpolar; won't dissolve
hydrophobic
76
# Reverse
hydrogen atom stripped of its electron
H+ ion
77
# Reverse
high in H+; lower than 7 on pH scale
acid
78
# Reverse
high in OH-; higher than 7 on pH scale
base
79
# Reverse
compound that contains carbon and hydrogen 4 types: carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
organic molecule
80
# Reverse
enzyme removes -OH hydroxyl group from 1 molecule and H from another, forming H20 and a new covalent bond
dehydration synthesis
81
# Reverse
enzyme breaks covalent bond using H20
hydrolysis
82
# Reverse
organic molecules of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen 1:2:1
carbohydrates
83
# Reverse
hydrophobic; non polar bonds
lipids
84
# Reverse
3 long hydrocarbon chains (fatty acids) bonded to glycerol; produced via dehydration synthesis
triglyceride
85
# Reverse
solid at room temp; single Carbon bonds
saturated fat
86
# Reverse
liquid at room temp; at least on double Carbon bond
unsaturated fat
87
# Reverse
unsaturated fat with straight tails; artificial
trans fat
88
# Reverse
chain of amino acids
protein
89
# Reverse
-amino group -R group -hydrogen atom -central carbon atom -carboxyl group
components of a protein
90
# Reverse
covalent bonds that link amino acids via dehydration synthesis
peptide bonds
91
# Reverse
amino acid sequence of polypeptide chain
primary protein structure
92
# Reverse
initial folding of protein initiated by hydrogen bonds
secondary protein structure
93
# Reverse
formation of overall 3D shape of protein
tertiary protein structure
94
# Reverse
combination of multiple polypeptide units of the same protein
quaternary protein structure
95
# Reverse
loss of structure (and function) of protein due to heat, pH, or salt
denaturation
96
# Reverse
sequence with encoded primary structure of protein
nucleic acid
97
# Reverse
nucleotides (monomers): -sugar -nitrogenous base -phosphate group
composition of nucleic acid
98
# Reverse
DNA or RNA: -adenine -cytosine -guanine DNA: -thymine RNA: -uracil
nitrogenous bases
99
# Reverse
-complementary base pairings AT and CG -double helix -hydrogen bonds -holds genetic code
DNA characteristics
100
# Reverse
-enables cells to use DNA -ATP carries energy -can function as an enzyme
RNA functions
