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Biology 1111 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

meiosis

A

cell division of gametes

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2
Q

mitosis

A

eukaryotic parent cell divides into two cells with identical nuclei

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3
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

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4
Q

helicases

A

enzymes that unzip DNA for replication

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5
Q

DNA polymerase

A

adds new, complementary DNA nucleotides to exposed strand

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6
Q

leading strand

A

3’ > 5’ continuous

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7
Q

lagging strand

A

5’ > 3’ DNA added in chunks by ligase

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8
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

chunks of DNA added to lagging strand

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9
Q

ligases

A

enzymes that catalyze bonding in sugar-phosphate backbone

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10
Q

binding proteins

A

stabilize DNA and keep it unzipped during replication

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11
Q

primase

A

adds short RNA primer to template strand

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12
Q

diploid

A

two full sets of genetic information

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13
Q

prokaryotic cell replication

A

DNA replicates, attaches to cell membrane, membrane grows between attachment points

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14
Q

prokaryotic DNA formation

A

one circular chromosome

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15
Q

how many chromosomes do human body cells have?

A

46 (in 23 pairs)

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16
Q

what are chromosomes made of?

A

chromatin

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17
Q

chromatin

A

cell’s DNA and associated proteins

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18
Q

nucleosomes

A

units of chromatin that wrap around proteins (histones)

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19
Q

chromatids

A

pair within a replicated chromosome

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20
Q

centromere

A

attaches sister chromatids

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21
Q

interphase

A

cell isn’t dividing

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22
Q

G0

A

non-dividing resting state

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23
Q

G1

A

normal cell function and growth

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24
Q

S

A

DNA replication

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25
G2
additional growth and prep for division
26
cytokinesis
splitting of replicated cell
27
prophase
chromosomes condense and become visible; spindle forms; centrosomes move to opposite poles
28
prometaphase
nuclear envelope breaks up; spindle fibers attach
29
metaphase
chromosomes align at center
30
anaphase
centromeres split as sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
31
telophase
nuclear envelope forms; chromosomes decondense; spindle disappears
32
growth factors
proteins that stimulate cell division
33
checkpoints
quality control checks between phases
34
telomere
life cycle clock in chromosomes; tips of eukaryotic chromosomes wear down after replication
35
telomerase
enzyme that extends chromosome life span by adding DNA to chromosome tips
36
contact inhibition
normal cells stop dividing when they touch each other in a one-cell-thick layer
37
anchorage dependence
normal cells can only divide on a solid surface
38
angiogenesis
development of new blood vessels (this boosts tumor growth)
39
proto-oncogenes
encode many cell cycle-related proteins
40
oncogenes
mutated proto-oncogenes abnormal proteins that accelerate cell cycle
41
# Reverse cell division of gametes
meiosis
42
# Reverse eukaryotic parent cell divides into two cells with identical nuclei
mitosis
43
# Reverse programmed cell death
apoptosis
44
# Reverse enzymes that unzip DNA for replication
helicases
45
# Reverse adds new, complementary DNA nucleotides to exposed strand
DNA polymerase
46
# Reverse 3' \> 5' continuous
leading strand
47
# Reverse 5' \> 3' DNA added in chunks by ligase
lagging strand
48
# Reverse chunks of DNA added to lagging strand
Okazaki fragments
49
# Reverse enzymes that catalyze bonding in sugar-phosphate backbone
ligases
50
# Reverse stabilize DNA and keep it unzipped during replication
binding proteins
51
# Reverse adds short RNA primer to template strand
primase
52
# Reverse two full sets of genetic information
diploid
53
# Reverse DNA replicates, attaches to cell membrane, membrane grows between attachment points
prokaryotic cell replication
54
# Reverse one circular chromosome
prokaryotic DNA formation
55
# Reverse cell's DNA and associated proteins
chromatin
56
# Reverse units of chromatin that wrap around proteins (histones)
nucleosomes
57
# Reverse pair within a replicated chromosome
chromatids
58
# Reverse attaches sister chromatids
centromere
59
# Reverse cell isn't dividing
interphase
60
# Reverse non-dividing resting state
G0
61
# Reverse normal cell function and growth
G1
62
# Reverse DNA replication
S
63
# Reverse additional growth and prep for division
G2
64
# Reverse splitting of replicated cell
cytokinesis
65
# Reverse chromosomes condense and become visible; spindle forms; centrosomes move to opposite poles
prophase
66
# Reverse nuclear envelope breaks up; spindle fibers attach
prometaphase
67
# Reverse chromosomes align at center
metaphase
68
# Reverse centromeres split as sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
anaphase
69
# Reverse nuclear envelope forms; chromosomes decondense; spindle disappears
telophase
70
# Reverse proteins that stimulate cell division
growth factors
71
# Reverse quality control checks between phases
checkpoints
72
# Reverse life cycle clock in chromosomes; tips of eukaryotic chromosomes wear down after replication
telomere
73
# Reverse enzyme that extends chromosome life span by adding DNA to chromosome tips
telomerase
74
# Reverse normal cells stop dividing when they touch each other in a one-cell-thick layer
contact inhibition
75
# Reverse normal cells can only divide on a solid surface
anchorage dependence
76
# Reverse development of new blood vessels (this boosts tumor growth)
angiogenesis
77
# Reverse encode many cell cycle-related proteins
proto-oncogenes
78
# Reverse mutated proto-oncogenes abnormal proteins that accelerate cell cycle
oncogenes

Biology 1111 (15 decks)

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