Chapter 7

Question 1

composition of a nucleotide

Answer 1

-phosphate group -sugar -nitrogenous base

Question 2

what are the bonds in the sugar-phosphate backbone?

Answer 2

covalent

Question 3

what are the bonds between complementary base pairs?

Answer 3

hydrogen

Question 4

genome

Answer 4

all the genetic material in an organism’s cells

Question 5

chromosome

Answer 5

package of DNA and associated proteins

Question 6

gene

Answer 6

sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a specific protein or RNA molecule

Question 7

transcription

Answer 7

cell copies a gene’s DNA sequence to a complementary RNA molecule

Question 8

translation

Answer 8

information in RNA is used to manufacture a protein

Question 9

functions of DNA

Answer 9

stores RNA and protein coding info that will be transferred to daughter cells

Question 10

RNA

Answer 10

carries protein coding info and catalyzes some reactions

Question 11

Using either protein-destroying enzymes or DNA-destroying enzymes, they discovered that DNA must be the “transforming principle”

Answer 11

Avery, MacLeod, McCarty

Question 12

Used radioactive isotopes to label and trace DNA and protein separately (to see what would infect the cell)

Answer 12

Hershey and Chase

Question 13

Used different combinations of virulent and non-virulent bacteria to learn that bacteria can “transform” from one type to another

Answer 13

Griffith

Question 14

promoter

Answer 14

site in DNA where RNA polymerase binds to unzip DNA

Question 15

3 types of RNA

Answer 15

messenger, transfer, ribosomal

Question 16

Messenger RNA

Answer 16

carries info that specifies a protein

Question 17

codon

Answer 17

3 mRNA base pairs in a row (genetic code that corresponds to 1 amino acid)

Question 18

Ribosomal RNA

Answer 18

combines with proteins to form a ribosome

Question 19

ribosome

Answer 19

physical location of protein synthesis

Question 20

Transfer RNA

Answer 20

carries specific amino acid to ribosome

Question 21

template strand

Answer 21

strand of DNA that is copied to RNA

Question 22

What happens first during transcription?

Answer 22

enzymes unzip the DNA double helix so the template strand is accessible

Question 23

What happens during transcription after the DNA is unzipped?

Answer 23

RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region

Question 24

What happens during transcription after RNA polymerase binds to the promoter?

Answer 24

RNA polymerase moves along the template strand of DNA, building complementary base pairs of RNA

Question 25

What happens during transcription after the base pairs are built?

Answer 25

RNA polymerase encounters a terminator sequence and releases the mRNA sequence

Question 26

introns

Answer 26

portions of mRNA that are removed before translation

Question 27

exons

Answer 27

spliced together to form mature mRNA

Question 28

translation requires...

Answer 28

mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes

Question 29

What is the role of mRNA during translation?

Answer 29

carries gene info that codes a protein

Question 30

What is the role of tRNA during translation?

Answer 30

pairs anticodon to mRNA codon and brings specific amino acids to the ribosome

Question 31

What is the role of ribosomes during translation?

Answer 31

anchors mRNA

Question 32

What do enzymes do during protein folding?

Answer 32

catalyze bonding

Question 33

What do chaperone proteins do during protein folding?

Answer 33

stabilize

Question 34

operon

Answer 34

group of bacterial genes that shares one promoter

Question 35

operator

Answer 35

DNA sequence located between the promoter and the protein-encoding regions

Question 36

repressor

Answer 36

protein that binds to the operator, preventing transcription

Question 37

transcription factors

Answer 37

factors that must be present for transcription ex: methylation

Question 38

methylation

Answer 38

making DNA unreadable by binding it up

Question 39

DNA availability

Answer 39

tagging some DNA to prevent gene expression

Question 40

mutation

Answer 40

change in a cell's DNA sequence

Question 41

point mutation

Answer 41

substitution, insertion, or deletion

Question 42

frameshift mutation

Answer 42

disrupts codon reading frame (not a multiple of 3 that was added or deleted)

Question 43

mutagen

Answer 43

external agent that causes mutations

Question 44

germline mutation

Answer 44

sequence change that happens in the reproductive cells (heritable)

Question 45

somatic mutation

Answer 45

sequence change in nonsex cells (isn't heritable)

Question 46

alleles

Answer 46

variants of genes

Question 47

virus

Answer 47

protein coat containing genetic material

Question 48

lac operon

Answer 48

cell with too much lactose begins to break it down

Question 49

how does the lac operon work?

Answer 49

lactose removes the repressor to produce enzymes that break down excess lactose

Question 50

# Reverse - phosphate group - sugar - nitrogenous base

Answer 50

composition of a nucleotide

Question 51

# Reverse all the genetic material in an organism's cells

Answer 51

genome

Question 52

# Reverse package of DNA and associated proteins

Answer 52

chromosome

Question 53

# Reverse sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a specific protein or RNA molecule

Answer 53

gene

Question 54

# Reverse cell copies a gene's DNA sequence to a complementary RNA molecule

Answer 54

transcription

Question 55

# Reverse information in RNA is used to manufacture a protein

Answer 55

translation

Question 56

# Reverse stores RNA and protein coding info that will be transferred to daughter cells

Answer 56

functions of DNA

Question 57

# Reverse carries protein coding info and catalyzes some reactions

Answer 57

RNA

Question 58

# Reverse site in DNA where RNA polymerase binds to unzip DNA

Answer 58

promoter

Question 59

# Reverse carries info that specifies a protein

Answer 59

Messenger RNA

Question 60

# Reverse 3 mRNA base pairs in a row (genetic code that corresponds to 1 amino acid)

Answer 60

codon

Question 61

# Reverse combines with proteins to form a ribosome

Answer 61

Ribosomal RNA

Question 62

# Reverse physical location of protein synthesis

Answer 62

ribosome

Question 63

# Reverse carries specific amino acid to ribosome

Answer 63

Transfer RNA

Question 64

# Reverse strand of DNA that is copied to RNA

Answer 64

template strand

Question 65

# Reverse portions of mRNA that are removed before translation

Answer 65

introns

Question 66

# Reverse spliced together to form mature mRNA

Answer 66

exons

Question 67

# Reverse mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes

Answer 67

translation requires...

Question 68

# Reverse group of bacterial genes that shares one promoter

Answer 68

operon

Question 69

# Reverse DNA sequence located between the promoter and the protein-encoding regions

Answer 69

operator

Question 70

# Reverse protein that binds to the operator, preventing transcription

Answer 70

repressor

Question 71

# Reverse factors that must be present for transcription ex: methylation

Answer 71

transcription factors

Question 72

# Reverse making DNA unreadable by binding it up

Answer 72

methylation

Question 73

# Reverse tagging some DNA to prevent gene expression

Answer 73

DNA availability

Question 74

# Reverse change in a cell's DNA sequence

Answer 74

mutation

Question 75

# Reverse substitution, insertion, or deletion

Answer 75

point mutation

Question 76

# Reverse disrupts codon reading frame (not a multiple of 3 that was added or deleted)

Answer 76

frameshift mutation

Question 77

# Reverse external agent that causes mutations

Answer 77

mutagen

Question 78

# Reverse sequence change that happens in the reproductive cells (heritable)

Answer 78

germline mutation

Question 79

# Reverse sequence change in nonsex cells (isn't heritable)

Answer 79

somatic mutation

Question 80

# Reverse variants of genes

Answer 80

alleles

Question 81

# Reverse protein coat containing genetic material

Answer 81

virus

Question 82

# Reverse cell with too much lactose begins to break it down

Answer 82

lac operon