Chapter 9

Question 1

What was the earliest process of combining genes?

Answer 1

conjugation

Question 2

conjugation

Answer 2

bacterium uses sex pilus to transfer genetic material to another bacterium *variation even with asexual reproduction*

Question 3

karyotype

Answer 3

size-ordered chart of all chromosomes in a cell

Question 4

autosomes

Answer 4

22 pairs of chromosomes that are the same for both sexes

Question 5

homologous pair

Answer 5

matching pair of chromosomes that look alike and have the same gene sequence

Question 6

how are the chromosomes in a homolog different?

Answer 6

they have different alleles

Question 7

zygote

Answer 7

1st cell of a new organism

Question 8

germ cells

Answer 8

specialized diploid cells in ovaries and testes

Question 9

What is the cell at the beginning of Meiosis 1?

Answer 9

gamete (diploid cell)

Question 10

Early prophase 1

Answer 10

chromosomes condense and become visible

Question 11

Late prophase 1

Answer 11

crossing over occurs; spindle forms; nuclear envelope breaks up

Question 12

Metaphase 1

Answer 12

homologs align at equator of cell

Question 13

Anaphase 1

Answer 13

homologs separate to opposite poles; sister chromatids remain joined

Question 14

Telophase 1

Answer 14

nuclear envelope forms and spindle disappears

Question 15

What are the cells at the beginning of Meiosis II?

Answer 15

2 haploid cells

Question 16

Prophase II

Answer 16

spindles form; nuclear envelopes break up

Question 17

Metaphase II

Answer 17

chromosomes align along equator of cell

Question 18

Anaphase II

Answer 18

centromeres split and sister chromatids separate to opposite poles

Question 19

Telophase II

Answer 19

nuclear envelopes form; chromosomes decondense; spindles disappear

Question 20

What are the products of Meiosis II?

Answer 20

4 non-identical haploid daughter cells

Question 21

crossing over

Answer 21

2 homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material

Question 22

chiasma

Answer 22

site of crossing over

Question 23

polyploid cell

Answer 23

has one or more complete sets of extra chromosomes

Question 24

what causes nondisjunction?

Answer 24

chromosomes fail to separate in anaphase I or II

Question 25

what is nondisjunction?

Answer 25

gamete has an extra or missing chromosome

Question 26

trisomy 21

Answer 26

3 copies of chromosome 21 = Down Syndrome

Question 27

Before which phases is DNA copied in cell division?

Answer 27

mitosis and meiosis I

Question 28

# Reverse bacterium uses sex pilus to transfer genetic material to another bacterium \*variation even with asexual reproduction\*

Answer 28

conjugation

Question 29

# Reverse size-ordered chart of all chromosomes in a cell

Answer 29

karyotype

Question 30

# Reverse 22 pairs of chromosomes that are the same for both sexes

Answer 30

autosomes

Question 31

# Reverse matching pair of chromosomes that look alike and have the same gene sequence

Answer 31

homologous pair

Question 32

# Reverse 1st cell of a new organism

Answer 32

zygote

Question 33

# Reverse specialized diploid cells in ovaries and testes

Answer 33

germ cells

Question 34

# Reverse chromosomes condense and become visible

Answer 34

Early prophase 1

Question 35

# Reverse crossing over occurs; spindle forms; nuclear envelope breaks up

Answer 35

Late prophase 1

Question 36

# Reverse homologs align at equator of cell

Answer 36

Metaphase 1

Question 37

# Reverse homologs separate to opposite poles; sister chromatids remain joined

Answer 37

Anaphase 1

Question 38

# Reverse nuclear envelope forms and spindle disappears

Answer 38

Telophase 1

Question 39

# Reverse spindles form; nuclear envelopes break up

Answer 39

Prophase II

Question 40

# Reverse chromosomes align along equator of cell

Answer 40

Metaphase II

Question 41

# Reverse centromeres split and sister chromatids separate to opposite poles

Answer 41

Anaphase II

Question 42

# Reverse nuclear envelopes form; chromosomes decondense; spindles disappear

Answer 42

Telophase II

Question 43

# Reverse 2 homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material

Answer 43

crossing over

Question 44

# Reverse site of crossing over

Answer 44

chiasma

Question 45

# Reverse has one or more complete sets of extra chromosomes

Answer 45

polyploid cell

Question 46

# Reverse gamete has an extra or missing chromosome

Answer 46

nondisjunction

Question 47

# Reverse 3 copies of chromosome 21 = Down Syndrome

Answer 47

trisomy 21