Chapter 4

Question 1

calorie

Answer 1

amount of energy needed to raise 1g of h20 to 1 degree C

Question 2

kilocalorie

Answer 2

1,000 calories (or 1 food Calorie)

Question 3

1st law of thermodynamics

Answer 3

energy cannot be created or destroyed

Question 4

2nd law of thermodynamics

Answer 4

heat is lost during every energy transformation

Question 5

entropy

Answer 5

tendency toward randomness

Question 6

metabolism

Answer 6

chemical reactions in cells

Question 7

what causes entropy?

Answer 7

activity; life

Question 8

what counteracts entropy?

Answer 8

organisms must use incoming matter and energy to remain organized (homeostasis)

Question 9

endergonic reaction

Answer 9

-requires input of energy -involves building complex molecules ex: photosynthesis

Question 10

exergonic reaction

Answer 10

-releases energy -involves breaking apart complex molecules ex: cellular respiration

Question 11

oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction

Answer 11

transfer energized electrons from one molecule to another ex: Lithium and Flourine

Question 12

oxidation

Answer 12

-loss of electrons -exergonic

Question 13

reduction

Answer 13

-gain of electrons -endergonic

Question 14

electron transport chain

Answer 14

each protein accepts an electron from the molecule before it, then pass it on to the next

Question 15

composition of ATP

Answer 15

Adenosine triphosphate adenine +ribose 3 phosphate groups

Question 16

how does ATP work?

Answer 16

-bonds are covalent between phosphate groups -phosphates have like charges, so they repel each other -this energy is released by hydrolysis

Question 17

function of ATP

Answer 17

temporary, unstable energy storage

Question 18

production of ATP

Answer 18

produced through cellular respiration, which is made possible by consuming food

Question 19

coupled reactions

Answer 19

simultaneous reactions in which one provides energy that drives the other

Question 20

phosphorylation

Answer 20

cell uses ATP by transferring phosphate group to another molecule

Question 21

2 possible effects of phosphorylation

Answer 21

1. energize target molecule to fuel endergonic reaction 2. cause protein to change shape

Question 22

enzyme

Answer 22

protein that speeds up a chemical reaction (by lowering activation energy) without being consumed

Question 23

activation energy

Answer 23

amount of energy required to start a reaction

Question 24

active site

Answer 24

region of an enzyme that allows a specific substrate to bind to it

Question 25

pacesetter

Answer 25

slowest enzyme sets pace for whole pathway

Question 26

negative feedback (feedback inhibition)

Answer 26

-products inhibit the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction -as products accumulate, reaction slows

Question 27

noncompetitive inhibition

Answer 27

product molecules bind to location other than active site, which alters enzyme shape so it can no longer bind to substrate

Question 28

competitive inhibition

Answer 28

product binds to active site, preventing further binding

Question 29

positive feedback

Answer 29

product activates pathway, leading to its own production (makes reaction faster)

Question 30

concentration gradient

Answer 30

substance moves to an area with less concentration

Question 31

passive transport

Answer 31

substance moves across membrane without using energy

Question 32

diffusion

Answer 32

spontaneous movement to less concentrated area

Question 33

simple diffusion

Answer 33

doesn't require a carrier molecule

Question 34

osmosis

Answer 34

simple diffusion of water across membrane

Question 35

tonicity

Answer 35

ability of a substance to cause water movement

Question 36

isotonic

Answer 36

equal concentration of either side of membrane

Question 37

hypotonic

Answer 37

less concentration outside of cell

Question 38

hypertonic

Answer 38

more concentration outside of cell

Question 39

facilitated diffusion

Answer 39

passive transport assisted by membrane protein

Question 40

active transport

Answer 40

transport protein moves substance against concentration gradient, which requires energy (ATP)

Question 41

sodium-potassium pump

Answer 41

membrane protein uses ATP to expel 3 sodium ions for every 2 potassium ions it admits

Question 42

endocytosis

Answer 42

membrane engulfs substance and draws it into the cell

Question 43

exocytosis

Answer 43

vesicle fuses with membrane, releasing substances outside cell

Question 44

phagocytosis

Answer 44

form of endocytosis; fuses with lysosome to break down captured particle

Question 45

pinocytosis

Answer 45

captured particle is liquid

Question 46

# Reverse amount of energy needed to raise 1g of h20 to 1 degree C

Answer 46

calorie

Question 47

# Reverse 1,000 calories (or 1 food Calorie)

Answer 47

kilocalorie

Question 48

# Reverse energy cannot be created or destroyed

Answer 48

1st law of thermodynamics

Question 49

# Reverse heat is lost during every energy transformation

Answer 49

2nd law of thermodynamics

Question 50

# Reverse tendency toward randomness

Answer 50

entropy

Question 51

# Reverse chemical reactions in cells

Answer 51

metabolism

Question 52

# Reverse -requires input of energy -involves building complex molecules ex: photosynthesis

Answer 52

endergonic reaction

Question 53

# Reverse -releases energy -involves breaking apart complex molecules ex: cellular respiration

Answer 53

exergonic reaction

Question 54

# Reverse transfer energized electrons from one molecule to another ex: Lithium and Flourine

Answer 54

oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction

Question 55

# Reverse -loss of electrons -exergonic

Answer 55

oxidation

Question 56

# Reverse -gain of electrons -endergonic

Answer 56

reduction

Question 57

# Reverse each protein accepts an electron from the molecule before it, then pass it on to the next

Answer 57

electron transport chain

Question 58

# Reverse Adenosine triphosphate adenine +ribose 3 phosphate groups

Answer 58

composition of ATP

Question 59

# Reverse temporary, unstable energy storage

Answer 59

function of ATP

Question 60

# Reverse produced through cellular respiration, which is made possible by consuming food

Answer 60

production of ATP

Question 61

# Reverse simultaneous reactions in which one provides energy that drives the other

Answer 61

coupled reactions

Question 62

# Reverse cell uses ATP by transferring phosphate group to another molecule

Answer 62

phosphorylation

Question 63

# Reverse 1. energize target molecule to fuel endergonic reaction 2. cause protein to change shape

Answer 63

2 possible effects of phosphorylation

Question 64

# Reverse protein that speeds up a chemical reaction (by lowering activation energy) without being consumed

Answer 64

enzyme

Question 65

# Reverse amount of energy required to start a reaction

Answer 65

activation energy

Question 66

# Reverse region of an enzyme that allows a specific substrate to bind to it

Answer 66

active site

Question 67

# Reverse slowest enzyme sets pace for whole pathway

Answer 67

pacesetter

Question 68

# Reverse -products inhibit the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction -as products accumulate, reaction slows

Answer 68

negative feedback (feedback inhibition)

Question 69

# Reverse product molecules bind to location other than active site, which alters enzyme shape so it can no longer bind to substrate

Answer 69

noncompetitive inhibition

Question 70

# Reverse product binds to active site, preventing further binding

Answer 70

competitive inhibition

Question 71

# Reverse product activates pathway, leading to its own production (makes reaction faster)

Answer 71

positive feedback

Question 72

# Reverse substance moves to an area with less concentration

Answer 72

concentration gradient

Question 73

# Reverse substance moves across membrane without using energy

Answer 73

passive transport

Question 74

# Reverse spontaneous movement to less concentrated area

Answer 74

diffusion

Question 75

# Reverse doesn't require a carrier molecule

Answer 75

simple diffusion

Question 76

# Reverse simple diffusion of water across membrane

Answer 76

osmosis

Question 77

# Reverse ability of a substance to cause water movement

Answer 77

tonicity

Question 78

# Reverse equal concentration of either side of membrane

Answer 78

isotonic

Question 79

# Reverse less concentration outside of cell

Answer 79

hypotonic

Question 80

# Reverse more concentration outside of cell

Answer 80

hypertonic

Question 81

# Reverse passive transport assisted by membrane protein

Answer 81

facilitated diffusion

Question 82

# Reverse transport protein moves substance against concentration gradient, which requires energy (ATP)

Answer 82

active transport

Question 83

# Reverse membrane protein uses ATP to expel 3 sodium ions for every 2 potassium ions it admits

Answer 83

sodium-potassium pump

Question 84

# Reverse membrane engulfs substance and draws it into the cell

Answer 84

endocytosis

Question 85

# Reverse vesicle fuses with membrane, releasing substances outside cell

Answer 85

exocytosis

Question 86

# Reverse form of endocytosis; fuses with lysosome to break down captured particle

Answer 86

phagocytosis

Question 87

# Reverse captured particle is liquid

Answer 87

pinocytosis