Chapter 2 - Basic Exercise Science: Nervous System

Question 1

Nervous System

Answer 1

Consists of a network of specialized cells called neurons that transmit and coordinate signals, providing a communication network within the human body

Question 2

2 Parts of the Nervous System

Answer 2

• CNS

- PNS

Question 3

4 Primary Functions of the NS

Answer 3

-Sensory Function
-Integrative Function
-Motor Function
Recruitment of muscles, learned patterns of movement, and the functioning of every organ in the human body

Question 4

Sensory Function

Answer 4

Receive changes in external or internal environment

Question 5

Sensory Function EXS

Answer 5

• Internal: Stretch placed on muscle

- External: Change from walking on sidewalk to sand

Question 6

Integrative Function

Answer 6

Process and interpret the sensory information and determine appropriate response

Question 7

Motor Function

Answer 7

Neuromuscular response to the sensory information

Question 8

Motor Function EX

Answer 8

Causing a muscle to contract when stretched too far

Question 9

Proprioception

Answer 9

The body’s ability to sense the relative position of adjacent parts of the body

Question 10

Efficient Training of NS

Answer 10

Ensures proper movement patterns are being developed which enhances performance and decreases risk of injury

Question 11

Neuron

Answer 11

Functional unit of the NS

-Specialized cell that processes and transmits information through both electrical and chemical signals

Question 12

Nerve

Answer 12

Many neurons merged together

Question 13

3 Main Parts of Neuron

Answer 13

• Cell body (soma)
• Axon
• Dendrites

Question 14

Cell Body (Soma)

Answer 14

Contains nucleus and other organelles including lysosomes, mitochondria, and Golgi complex

Question 15

Axon

Answer 15

Cylindrical projection from the cell body that transmits nerve impulses to other neurons or effector sites
-Provides communication from CNS to other parts of the body

Question 16

Dendrites

Answer 16

Gather info from other structures and transmit it back into the neuron

Question 17

3 Main Functional Types of Neurons

Answer 17

• Sensory (afferent) neurons
• Interneurons
• Motor (efferent) neurons

Question 18

Sensory (Afferent) Neurons

Answer 18

Respond to touch, sound, light etc. (changes in external environment) and transmit back to brain and spinal cord

Question 19

Interneurons

Answer 19

Transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another in CNS

-process, store, and retrieve information

Question 20

Motor (Efferent) Neurons

Answer 20

Transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cor to effector sites such as muscles or glands

Question 21

Central Nervous System

Answer 21

Consists of brain and spinal cord and its primary function is to coordinate the activity of all parts of the body

Question 22

Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 22

Consists of nerves that connect the CNS to rest of the body and external environment

Question 23

Nerves of PNS

Answer 23

• 12 Cranial Nerves
• 31 pairs of spinal nerves
• How the CNS receives sensory input and initiates responses

Question 24

Function of PNS Nerves

Answer 24

• Provide a connection for NS to activate different effector sites
• Relay information from effector sites back to brain via sensory receptors

Question 25

2 Divisions of PNS

Answer 25

- Somatic NS | - Autonomic NS

Question 26

Somatic NS

Answer 26

Consists of the nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle and are largely responsible for the voluntary control of movement

Question 27

Autonomic NS

Answer 27

Supplies neural input to the involuntary systems of the body (heart, digestive, endocrine)

Question 28

2 Divisions of Autonomic NS

Answer 28

- Sympathetic | - Parasympathetic

Question 29

Sympathetic

Answer 29

Increase levels of activation in preparation for activity

Question 30

Parasympathetic

Answer 30

Decrease levels of activation during rest and recover

Question 31

Sensory Receptors

Answer 31

Specialized structures located throughout the body that convert environmental stimuli into sensory information that the brain and spinal cord use to produce a response

Question 32

4 Categories of Sensory Receptors

Answer 32

- Mechanoreceptors - Nociceptors - Chemoreceptors - Photoreceptors

Question 33

Mechanoreceptors

Answer 33

Respond to mechanical forces (touch, pressure, stretching, sound waves and motion) and transmit impulses through sensory nerves

Question 34

Nociceptors

Answer 34

Respond to pain

Question 35

Chemoreceptors

Answer 35

Respond to chemical interaction (smell and taste)

Question 36

Photoreceptors

Answer 36

Respond to light (vision)

Question 37

Mechanoreceptors Location

Answer 37

Located in muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joint capsules

Question 38

Mechanoreceptors Include

Answer 38

Muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, and joint receptors

Question 39

Muscle Spindles

Answer 39

Sensory receptors within muscles that run parallel to the muscle fibers and are sensitive to change in muscle length and rate of length change

Question 40

Muscle Being Stretched

Answer 40

The spindles are also stretched which conveys information about its length to the CNS that can then determine the position of various body parts

Question 41

Muscle Spindle Being Stretched

Answer 41

Sends an impulse immediately to the spinal cord to contract the muscle

Question 42

Golgi Tendon Organs

Answer 42

Specialized sensory receptors located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle.

Question 43

Activation of GTO

Answer 43

Change in muscular tension and rate of tension change | -Will cause the muscle to relax, which prevents the muscle from excessive stress or possibility of injury

Question 44

Joint Receptors

Answer 44

Located in and around the joint capsule and respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint -Act to signal extreme joint positions and thus help to prevent injury

Question 45

Joint Receptor EXS

Answer 45

Ruffini Endings and Pacinian Corpuscles