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HSS305 Anatomy > Chapter 21: The Heart > Flashcards

Chapter 21: The Heart Flashcards

(92 cards)

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1
Q

functions of the cardiovascular system

A

transport nutrients, gases, waste products, and hormones around the body

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2
Q

how heavy is the heart

A

8-10 ounces

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3
Q

what is the apex of the heart

A

the left ventricle

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4
Q

where is the apex

A

fifth intercostal space

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5
Q

what is the base of the heart

A

broad, top end of heart with great vessels of the heart

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6
Q

where is the base of the heart

A

third intercostal space

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7
Q

where is the heart located

A

central compartment inside mediastinum

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8
Q

what is the mediastinum

A

the area within the thoracic cavity, between the lungs

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9
Q

what is the pericardium

A

the double layered sac surrounding the heart

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10
Q

what does the pericardium do

A

anchor and protect the heart

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11
Q

what are the two parts of the pericardium

A

fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium

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12
Q

what is the fibrous pericardium

A

the outer layer of the pericardium that fuses with the diaphragm and sternum

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13
Q

what are the two layers of the serous pericardium

A

parietal and viceral pericardial

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14
Q

where is the pericardial cavity

A

between the parietal and visceral serous pericardium

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15
Q

what is inside the pericardial cavity

A

pericardial fluid

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16
Q

what does pericardial fluid do

A

reduce friction

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17
Q

what are the three layers of tissue that make the wall of the heart

A

epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium

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18
Q

the epicardium is also known as the

A

visceral pericardium

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19
Q

what type of tissue is the epicardium

A

epithelium

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20
Q

what is the myocardium

A

the thickest, middle layer of cardiac muscle tissue in the heart

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21
Q

what type of tissue is endocardium

A

simple squamous epithelium

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22
Q

what layer lines the inside of the heart chambers and valves

A

endocardium

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23
Q

characteristics of the cardiac tissue

A

branched, striated, involuntary

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24
Q

what connects cardiac cells

A

intercarcalated discs

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25
what are the two types of junctions between cardiac cells
gap junctions and desmosomes
26
what do gap junctions do
transfer electrical impulses
27
what do desmosomes do
clamp muscle cells together during contraction
28
what is the atria
two superior chambers of heart that bring materials inside the heart
29
what is the ventricles
two inferior chambers of heart that exit materials from heart
30
what does the right atrium do
receive deoxygenated blood from blood vessels
31
what are the three blood vessels that transport deoxygenated blood to the heart
superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus
32
what does the right ventricle do
receive deoxygenated blood from the right atrium
33
where does the right ventricle send deoxygenated blood to
the right and left pulmonary trunk
34
where does the pulmonary trunks send the deoxygenated blood to
the lungs
35
what does the left atrium do
receive oxygen from the lungs through the pulmonary veins
36
the left atrium pumps oxygen to
the left ventricle
37
what does the left ventricle do
receive oxygen from the left atrium
38
what do valves do
prevent blackflow of blood
39
what are the two types of valves in the heart
atrioventricular and semilunar
40
where is the atrioventricular valve
between the atria and ventricles
41
the tricuspid valve is found in the
right atrioventricular valve
42
the bicuspid valve is found in the
left atrioventricular valve
43
what happens when ventricles contract
pressure forces right and left atrioventricular valves to shut
44
what is chordae tendina
the papillary muscle inside the ventricles that prevent the valves from swinging back into the atria
45
how many cusps are in the semilunar valves
3
46
what are the two semilunar valves
pulmonary semilunar and aortic semilunar valves
47
where is the pulmonary semilunar
between the pulmonary trunk and right ventricle
48
where is the aortic semilunar valve
between the aorta and left ventricle
49
pulmonary circulation is
where blood is sent to the lungs to be oxygenated
50
the systemic circulation is
blood carried to other areas of the body
51
coronary circulation
carries blood to cells and cardiac tissue of heart
52
the coronary artieries send ____ blood to the _______
oxygenated, myocardium
53
what are the two parts of the left coronary artery
left anterior descending arteries/anterior inter-ventricular arteries and the circumflex artery
54
what are the two divisions of the right coronary artery
posterior interventrical artery and marginal artery
55
what carries deoxygenated blood from the cardiac tissue
cardiac veins
56
the right coronary artery merges and empties into the
coronary sinus
57
where does the coronary sinus empty into
right atrium
58
what generates the heartbeat
modified cardiac muscles
59
what is the conduction system that spreads action potentials
syncytial contraction
60
What are the four regions of the syncytial conduction system
Sinoatrial Node, Atrioventricular Node, Bundle of His, and Purkinje Fibers
61
what is the pacemaker of the heart
sinoatrial node
62
where is the sinoatrial node located
right atrium, inferior to medial of SVC entrence
63
where is the atrioventricular node located
the interatrial septum between left and right atria
64
what does the atrioventricular node do?
make sure there is a full contraction
65
what does the AV bundles/bundle of his do
sends action potentials from atria to ventricle
66
where are the bundles of his located
intraventricular septum between right and left ventricles
67
where is the purkinje fibers located
the apex
68
what do purkinje fibers do
spread the action potential superior through myocardium
69
when does the heart start to develop
2nd week
70
what develops at the fifth week of developent
atrial and ventricular septums form
71
what does the atrial septum do
act as a flap valve over the foramen ovale
72
where does blood flow through the atrial septum
from the right atria to the left atria
73
what does the ductus arteriosus do
connect the aorta to the pulmonary trunk
74
what happens when you take your first breath at birth
oxygen increases in blood and umbilical blood flow stops, initiating the start of pulmonary circulation
75
what is the depression left from the foramen ovale
the fossa ovalis
76
what is the ligamerrtum arteriosum
fibrous band between the aorta and the pulmonary trunk
77
what is the average cardiac cycle
.75-1 second
78
what is the systole
the contraction portion of cardiac cycle
79
what are the two systole contractions
atrial systole and ventricular systole
80
what is diastole
the relaxation portion of cardiac cycle
81
what are the two diastole relatxations
atrial diastole and ventricular diastole
82
what causes the heart sounds
the pressure from closing of valves and collisions of blood against the valves
83
when atrial pressure exceeds ventricular pressure what happens
the AV valves open
84
when ventricular pressure exceeds atrial pressure, what happens
the AV valves close
85
what is the first heart sound called
S1 or "lub"
86
what is happening when the one hears the first heart sound
the Av valve closes (tricuspid and mitral)
87
what is the second heart sound called
S2 or "dub"
88
where can you hear heart sounds
5th intercostal space on each side of the sternum, 2nd intercostal space on each side of sternum
89
what is a heart murmur
a embryological defect of heart valves causing unstead blood flow
90
this is the narrowing of blood valves
stenosis
91
when can you hear AV stenosis
prior to S1
92
when can you hear semilunar stenosis
prior to S2

HSS305 Anatomy (20 decks)

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