Chapter 2: Cellular Level of Organization

Question 1

proteins, lipids, and carbs come together to form what

Answer 1

cells

Question 2

name the four types of tissues

Answer 2

muscle, nervous, connective, and epithelial

Question 3

define the cell

Answer 3

basic structural element that can live on its own

Question 4

how many types of cells are in the human body

Answer 4

230

Question 5

what is the plasma membrane made of

Answer 5

phospholipid bilayer

Question 6

properties of phosphorus head

Answer 6

hydrophilic/polar

Question 7

properties of fatty acid tails

Answer 7

nonpolar/hydrophobic

Question 8

what are membrane proteins

Answer 8

proteins that allow exchange from inside and outside

Question 9

proteins that are not around the entire width of the membrane are

Answer 9

peripheral proteins

Question 10

define integral proteins

Answer 10

proteins that span width of membrane and are partially inside and out of the membrane

Question 11

define glycoproteins

Answer 11

carbohydrate chains that stick out of the membrane and are never inside of the cell

Question 12

what do membrane proteins do

Answer 12

allow communication between calls, identify what kind of cell it is

Question 13

what is the nucleus

Answer 13

the core of the cell

Question 14

what does the nucleus do

Answer 14

store and process genetic info and control protein synthesis

Question 15

what is the nuclear envelope

Answer 15

a phospholipid bilayer with not proteins outside of the nucleas with specific channels

Question 16

what is chromatin

Answer 16

unwound DNA

Question 17

what is a gene

Answer 17

a section of DNA that makes something specific. These genes can be inactive or active

Question 18

How can all cells have DNA but have different cell functions

Answer 18

depending on which genes are inactive or active in the cell

Question 19

what is the nucleolus

Answer 19

located in the core of the nucleus, the nucleolus is the site for rRna synthesis and production of ribosomal subunits.

Question 20

define cytoplasm

Answer 20

everything inside cell but outside nucleus

Question 21

what are the two components of the cytoplasm

Answer 21

cytosol and organelles

Question 22

what is the cytosol

Answer 22

the fluid portion of the cell containing mostly water

Question 23

what is an organelle?

Answer 23

a structure that carries our specific functions within the cell

Question 24

what causes variation in the amount of organelles in a cell?

Answer 24

the type of cell it is

Question 25

where are ribosomes

Answer 25

free in the cytosol or attached to the ER

Question 26

what is the function of ribosomes

Answer 26

responsible for making proteins

Question 27

what is the endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 27

the network of flattened tubules

Question 28

name two types of ER

Answer 28

rough and smooth, rough contains ribosomes to modify proteins, smooth synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates

Question 29

what is the function of the golgi apparatus

Answer 29

to modify, sort and package proteins, carbs, and lipids for transport to other parts of the cell

Question 30

what are vesicles

Answer 30

packages

Question 31

name the three types of vesicles

Answer 31

transfer, secretory and membrane

Question 32

what do transfer vesicles do

Answer 32

transport packages to other parts of the cell

Question 33

what do secretory vesicles do

Answer 33

move secretions outside of the cell

Question 34

what do membrane vesicles do

Answer 34

send to be part of plasma membrane

Question 35

what does the mitochondria do

Answer 35

produce ATP and aid cellular respiration

Question 36

cells with lots of energy have lots of what

Answer 36

mitochondria

Question 37

what are lysosomes

Answer 37

organelles that contain digestive enzymes for breaking down material

Question 38

autophagy

Answer 38

self eating, lysosomes recycling and regaining energy by breaking

Question 39

autolysis

Answer 39

self-destroy, lysosomes release enzymes to kill cell from inside out

Question 40

what is a centrosome

Answer 40

contains centrioles and microtubules that move organelles and vesicles throughout cell, (railroad tracks to particular locations)

Question 41

what types of movement occur in the centrosome via motor proteins

Answer 41

dynein move things to the center while kinesin moves things to the periphera

Question 42

what is a cytoskeleton

Answer 42

a network of protein filaments

Question 43

what are the three types of protein filaments in the cytoskeleton

Answer 43

microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments

Question 44

what is microfilaments made of

Answer 44

protein actin

Question 45

where are microfilaments found

Answer 45

the periphery of the cell

Question 46

what do microfilaments do

Answer 46

provide mechanical support

Question 47

what is microtubules made of

Answer 47

protein tubuilin

Question 48

what do microtubules do

Answer 48

aid in movement of organelles within cell

Question 49

where are intermediate filaments found

Answer 49

throughout the cytosol

Question 50

what is the function of intermediate filaments

Answer 50

stabilize organelle position, anchor cells together, resist extracellular forces

Question 51

what is a cellular projection

Answer 51

something that sticks out from surface

Question 52

what is microvilli

Answer 52

a nonmatile, fingerlink projection from the cell surface that contains microfilaments in the core so they stick upright

Question 53

what do microvilli do

Answer 53

increase surface are for absorption

Question 54

what are cilia

Answer 54

motile projections on the surface that are longer than microvilli and contain microtubules for support

Question 55

what does cilia do

Answer 55

move substances across cell surface

Question 56

what is a flagella

Answer 56

a motile projection from cell surface with microtubules

Question 57

what does flagella do

Answer 57

moves the entire sell

Question 58

what is the only cell with a flagell

Answer 58

sperm cells

Question 59

what is a receptor proteins

Answer 59

proteins that trigger vesicle formation when bound to ligand

Question 60

ligands attach to what

Answer 60

receptor proteins

Question 61

what are carrier proteins

Answer 61

proteins that help transportation across membrane in facilitated diffusion and active transport