Final Review Information Flashcards
(195 cards)
1
Q
these are the three categories of membrane proteins
A
peripheral, integral, glycoproteins
2
Q
these are the three types of membrane proteins
A
receptor, carrier, and ion channels
3
Q
these are the three types of filaments in the cytoskeleton
A
microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments
4
Q
these are the three types of cellular projections
A
microvilli, cilia, and flagellum
5
Q
peripheral membrane proteins are
A
NOT the entire width of the membrane
6
Q
integral membrane proteins line
A
the entire width of the membrane and are partially inside and partially outside the membrane.
7
Q
The receptor membrane proteins
A
trigger vesicles when bound to molecules, usually when attach to the ligands
8
Q
the carrier membrane proteins function to
A
diffuse, active transport, and aid passive transport
9
Q
what do ion channels do
A
allow molecules, ions, and water solute in and out, deal with cell to cell communication
10
Q
what are microfilaments made of
A
actin
11
Q
what do microfilaments do
A
allow mechanical support
12
Q
what do microtubles do
A
aid organelles in movement
13
Q
what are microtubules made of
A
tubulin
14
Q
what do intermediate filaments do
A
stabilize organelle position, resist extracellular forces, and anchor the cells together.
15
Q
what are microvilli made of
A
microfilaments
16
Q
what do microvilli do
A
increase surface area for absorption
17
Q
what are cilia made of
A
microtubules
18
Q
what do cilia do
A
move substances across the membrane surface
19
Q
what are flagellum made of
A
microtubules
20
Q
what do flagellum do
A
move whole cell
21
Q
These are the three types of tissues
A
epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous
22
Q
where is epithelial found
A
hallow organs, body cavities, basement tissue
23
Q
what is function of epithelial
A
protection, absorption, diffusion, secretion
24
Q
blood and nerve supply for epithelial tissue?
A
yes nerve, no blood
25
function of simple squamous epithelial
diffusion
26
function for stratified squamous epithelial
wear, tear, protection
27
function of columnar epithelial
secretion and absorption
28
function of transitional epithelial
volume changes (squamous to cuboidal)
29
what are the three junctions
tight, gap, desmosomes (hemidesmosomes)
30
what do tight junctions do
barrier that isolates intercellular space
31
what do gap junctions do
allow cell to cell communication
32
what do desmosomes do
anchored deep inside the cell by adhesion proteins/ intermediate filaments for support
33
what is connective tissue made of
protein fibers and ground substastance
34
what does connective tissue do
support and protect
35
what are the five types of connective tissue
loose, dense, cartilage, osseous, and liquid
36
these are the three types of loose
areolar, adipose, reticular
37
areolar loose connective tissue is
the basement to epithelial
38
adipose loose connective tissue is
energy storage
39
reticular loose connective tissue
aids organ framework
40
regular dense connective tissue is
strong and makes tendons and ligaments
41
irregular dense connective tissue
create capsule for organs and dermis of cells
42
elastic dense connective tissue
lines the wall of blood vessels
43
this is the make up of cartilage
ground substance of chondroitin sulfate and collagen and elastic fibers (condrocytes and condroblast)
44
blood and nerve supply for cartilage?
none
45
hyaline cartilage connective tissue
reduces friction
46
fibrocartilage connective tissue
has lots of collegen and makes up menisci and intervertebral discs
47
elastic cartilage connective tissue
is flexible, resilient, and can return to original shape
48
two types of osseous tissue
compact and spongy
49
the ECM of compact osseous connective tissue is
in concentric rings
50
the ECM of spongy osseous connective tissue is
in columns called trabeculae
51
these are the two liquid connective tissue
blood and lymph
52
nervous tissue function is to
detect changes in environment and activate changes in the body based on the environment
53
these are the structures of the long bone
diaphysis, epiphysis, periosteum, and epiphyseal plate
54
what is the diaphysis and what type of bone tissue is it
shaft and compact
55
what is the epiphysis and what type of bone tissue is it
the ends of the bone and spongy
56
what is the periosteum
the outside connective tissue membrane of the bone made of collagen fibers
57
what is the epiphyseal plate
commonly known as the "growth plate" it is hyaline cartilage found between the diaphysis and epiphysis that allows for endocondral ossifications
58
what is the extracellular matrix of bone
calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide make the hydroxyapetite crystals. This along with the collagen fibers make up the bone tissue
59
what are the four types of bone cells
osteoprogenitor, osteoblast, osteocytes, and osteoclast
60
what are osteoprogenitor cells
undifferentiated stem cells that divide
61
what do osteoblast do
synthesize extracellular matrix to line periosteum and endosteum
62
what do osteocytes do
exchange nutrients and waste
63
what do osteoclast do
release lysomal enzymes, reabsorb, maintain & repair
64
characteristics of compact bone
osteons, canals, and lamellae in rings with blood vessels
65
characteristics of spongy bone
no osteons, lamelle in columns called trabecullae
66
bone tissue blood and nerve supply?
have both
67
what are the cranial bones
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid
68
what are the facial bones
nasal, lacrimal, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible
69
how many cervical vertebrae
8
70
how many thoracic vertebrae
12
71
how many lumbar vertebrae
5
72
how many sacral vertebrae
5 fused
73
how many coccygeal vertebrae
4 fused
74
how many ribs do we have
24
75
how many rib pairs do we have
12
76
what is the function of synovial joints
reduce friction and nourish cartilage cells
77
where is synovial joints found
cartilage, reinforcing ligament, tendon sheths, bursae
78
moveable joints are (strong/weak)
weak
79
immoveable joints are (strong/weak)
strong
80
what influences the stability of joints
ligaments, articulating surfaces and muscle tone
81
another name for should joint is
glenohumeral joint
82
what is the glenohumeral joint/should joints articulations
head of humerus and glenoid fossa of scapula
83
what are the ligaments of the glenohumeral joint
glenohumeral lig, coracoacromial lig, acromioclavicular lig, coracoclavicular lig
84
another name for the elbow joint is the
humero-ulnar and radio ulnar joints
85
what are the articulations for the elbow joint
head of humerus/glenoid fossa and head of radius/radial notch
86
what are the ligaments of the elbow joint
ulnar medial/lateral collateral ligament and annular ligament
87
what is another name for the hip joint
coxal joint
88
what are the articulations of the hip/coxal joint
head of femur with acetabulum of coxal bone
89
what are the ligaments of the head of the femur
transverse acetabular lig, illiofemoral lig, pubofemoral lig, ischiofemoral lig
90
where is the knee joint
between the femur and patella or between the condyles of the femur and tibia
91
what are the ligaments of the knee joint
patellar ligament, tibial medial collateral ligament, fibular lateral collateral ligament, anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament
92
what are the muscle connective tissue layers
epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium
93
what is a sarcomere
A sarcomere is the basic functional contractile unit of muscle tissue.
94
what is hypertrophy
growth of muscles
95
what is atrophy
muscle tissue decreasing in strength and size
96
what are the parts of the neurons
dendrites, soma, axons, synapse
97
what do dendrites do
recieve impulse
98
what is in the soma
nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles, microtubules
99
what do axons do
carry impulses away from the body
100
what is the synapse
the junction between nuerons
101
the clusters of nervous cells inside the central nervous system are
nuclei
102
the clusters of the nervous cells inside the peripheral nervous system are
ganglia
103
what does myelin do
insulate neurons and speed up conduction of nerve impulses
104
when a action potential jumps from node to node it is called
saltatory conduction
105
when action potentials travel without the help of myelinated sheaths it is called
continuous conduction
106
afferent referes to
sensory
107
efferent refers to
motor
108
where are interneurons found
CNS
109
what do interneurons do
integrate sensory information
110
what function does the CNS have
integrative functions
111
what is the pheripheral NS
pathway for sensory and motor
112
what is the somatic NS
voluntary actions in the peripheral NS
113
what is autonomic NS
involuntary actions in the peripheral NS
114
what is the sympathetic NS
the "fight or flight" part of the autonomic peripheral nervous system
115
what is the parasympathetic NS
the "rest and digest" part of the autonomic nervous system
116
Parkinson's disease is caused by
increased basal nuclei
117
Huntington's disease is caused by
decreased basal nuclei
118
what is the function of the thalamus
the relay station of information
119
where is the thalams
diencephalon, "head of bird"
120
what is the hypothalamus function
maintain homeostatsis by controling hunger, temperature, sleep , thirst, and endocrine functions
121
what does the epithalamus do
hold the pineal gland
122
where is the epithalams
posterior diencephalon
123
where is the midbrain
top of the brainstem
124
where is the pons
the large circular area of the brainstem
125
where is the medulla oblangata
connected to the spinal cord
126
what is the function of the cerebellum
blanace and coordination
127
list the order of meninges in the brain from deep to superficial
pia mater, arachnoid mater, dural sinus, dura mater
128
where is the CSF located
subarachnoid space
129
where is the conus medullaris
L1/L2
130
these are nervous roots extending from inferior spinal cord
cauda equine
131
list the order of meninges and spaces in the brain from deep to superficial
pia mater, subarachnoid space, subarachnoid mater, subdural space, dura space, epidural space
132
the dorsal roots deal with
sensory information
133
the ventral roots deal with
motor information
134
is spinal nerve sensory, motor or both
both
135
spinothalamic tract is
sensory/ascending
136
corticospinal tract is
motor/descending
137
how many cervical spinal nerves
8
138
how many thoracic spinal nerves
12
139
how many lumbar spinal nerves
5
140
how many sacral spinal nerves
5
141
how many coccygeal spinal nerves
1
142
where is the phrenic nerve
C1-C4
143
what is phrenic nerves motor innervation
diaphragm
144
where is the radial nerve
brachial plexus
145
what is radial nerves motor innervation
posterior upper arm, posterior forearm, posterior hand
146
what compartment is the musculocutaneous nerve
brachial plexus
147
what is the motor innervation of the musculocutaneous nerve
anterior upper arm
148
what is the median nerve compartment
brachial plexus
149
what is the innervation of the median nerve
anterior upper arm and anterior and lateral hand
150
what is the compartment of the ulnar nerve
brachial plexus
151
what is the innervations of the ulnar nerve
anterior forearm and anterior lateral hand
152
what is the compartment of the sciatic nerve
sacral plexus
153
what is the innervation of the sciatic nerve
posterior thigh
154
what is the compartment of the femoral nerve
lumbar plexus
155
what is the innveration of the femoral nerve
anterior hip and thigh
156
what is the compartment of the tibial nerve
sacral plexus
157
what is the innervation of the tibial nerve
posterior lower thigh
158
CNII Name, S, M, or Both
Optic Nerve, S
159
CNV Name, S, M, or Both
Trigeminal Nerve, muscles of mastication and facial sensation M
160
CNVII name, S, M, or Both
Facial, M, taste, muscles of facial expression, lacrimal gland, and salivary gland
161
CNX Name, S, M, or Both
Vagus, Mixed, Larynx, Trachea, Viscera, Aorta, Speech, Breathing, Swallowing
162
CNXII Name, S, M, or Both
Hypoglossal Nerve, M, Muscles of Tongue
163
how do hormones travel
secreted by cells into interstitial fluid, where they enter the bloodstream and bind to receptor on target cells
164
what are the endocrine glands
hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, pineal, gonads
165
where is the pituitary gland
in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
166
where is the pineal gland
inferior to posterior corpus collosum
167
where is the hypothalamus
inferior to thalamus in diencephalon
168
what is the structural difference between anterior and posterior hypothalamus
anterior is larger and produces hormones where posterior is small and only secretes and stores hormones
169
what is blood made of
plasma and formed elements
170
what percent of blood is plasma
55%
171
what pecent of blood is formed elements
45%
172
what is the name for total blood volume of red blood cells in blood
hematocrit
173
what is the average hematocrit
35-50%
174
what are red blood made of
plasma membrane, cytosol, and hemaglobin
175
what are the three types of granular luekocytes
basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils
176
what do basophils do
inflammation and allergic reactions
177
what do eosinophils do
combat allergic reaction and attack parasites
178
what do neutrophils do
phagocytize bacteria
179
what are the two types of agranular leukocytes
lymphocytes and monocytes
180
what are lymphocytes
antibodies
181
what are monocytes
they leave blood to become macrophages
182
what are platelets
pieces of cells called megakaryocytes
183
what happens if your blood is Rh(+) and you are exposed to the Rh(-)
produce the anti-Rh antibodies
184
what happens if your blood is Rh(+) and you are exposed twice
anti-Rh antibodies will attack your blood cells
185
The left coronary artery has these two branches
anterior interventricular and circumflex
186
the right coronary arteries have these two branches
posterior interventricular and marginal
187
what are the two tunics of the blood bessels
internal, media and externa
188
what is tunica interna made of
simple squamous epithelial
189
what is the tunica media composed of
smooth muscle and elastic fibers
190
what is the tunic externa composed of
connective tissues
191
these are the two types of anastomoses
arterial and atriovenous
192
what is arterior anastomoses
2 arteries to 1 Capillary
193
what is the atriovenous anastomoses
skipping the metarteriole and going straight to the venule
194
what is a portal system
1 capillary network to another before going to the heart
195
what are two examples of the portal systems
hyphyseal and hepatic
